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Oct 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2377-2549.jndc-20-3583
Michałowski TadeuszCorresponding author
The Generalized Approach To Electrolytic Systems (GATES) provides the best possible thermodynamic formulation of redox and non-redox, equilibrium and metastable, mono-, two- and three-phase systems, with all attainable/pre-selected physicochemical knowledge involved, without any simplifying assumptions made for calculation purposes, where different species may occur in batch or dynamic systems, of any degree of complexity. The Generalized Electron Balance (GEB) is the key concept completing the set of algebraic balances referred to redox systems, described according to GATES/GEB ⊂ GATES principles. The GEB, considered as the law of Nature, is fully compatible with charge and concentration balances, and relations for the corresponding equilibrium constants. Within GATES, the electrolytic systems are resolvable with use of MATLAB, or other iterative computer programs, if all necessary physicochemical knowledge is attainable.
Jan 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2690-4837.ijip-19-3145
Bajaj AnubhaCorresponding author
MD. (Pathology) Panjab University, Department of Histopathology, A.B. Diagnostics, A-1, Ring Road, Rajouri Garden, New Delhi, 110027, India.
Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis was initially scripted in 1972 by Kessler and Wolloch and is cogitated as an infrequent, benign, chronic inflammatory disorder. It commonly implicates females of reproductive age group, especially women who have breast fed in the preceding five to six years. Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is commonly discerned in Asia and Mediterranean region although true incidence is undetermined. Diverse ethnicities delineate a diverse disease prevalence. Elimination of adjunctive causes of granulomatous inflammation makes idiopathic granulomatous mastitis a diagnosis of exclusion. As per the natural history, idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is designated as a self limiting disorder 1.
Mar 2014 DOI 10.14302/issn.2326-0793.jpgr-13-333
C. Ghosh ManikCorresponding author
Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163.
Carbofuran is a broad spectrum pesticide used in agricultural fields and domestic places throughout the world. It is one of the deadly toxic carbamate pesticide that kills the pest by inhibiting the crucial enzyme of nervous system known as acetyl cholinesterase. In the present study, we report how carbofuran increases the different spectrum of cholesterols, including free cholesterol and esterified cholesterol in the fish hepatocytes. It is observed that induced-cholesterol can inhibit the enzymatic activity such as Ca++-ATPase, which is a critical protein for maintaining the calcium homoeostasis in the cellular microenvironment. Carbofuran integrates into human body through foods and drinks. As trace of carbofuran is identified in our daily food and drinks, we examined the homology of Ca++-ATPase between the fish and human, so our data can illuminate the effects of carbofuran on this crucial enzyme. While studying the homology with the help of bioinformatics, we recognized that there is around 70% homology in the protein sequence of Ca++-ATPase between fish Heteropneustesfossilisand human (Homo sapiens), which appears as sufficient to simulate our fish-model data in human. This study demonstrates that carbofuran affects our day-to-day life by inhibiting Ca++-ATPase through modulation of lipid synthesis, a critical regulatory system that controls overall homeostasis in our body.
Dec 2025 DOI 10.14302/issn.2473-1005.jdoi-25-5870
Arthur Ferreira RibasCorresponding author
This narrative literature review investigates the clinical feasibility of maxillary sinus lift using the lateral window (or traumatic) technique, employing a grafting material composed of hydroxyapatite associated with beta-tricalcium phosphate. The study is based on the premise that bone resorption and sinus pneumatization—common in edentulous posterior maxillae—pose a challenge to achieving primary stability during dental implant placement. Given the limitation imposed by reduced residual bone height, bone-grafting surgical techniques become necessary to enable implant-supported rehabilitation. The objective of this work is to analyze, through a literature review, the efficacy of combining synthetic biomaterials as an alternative to autogenous bone grafts, which are considered the gold standard in implant dentistry. A bibliographic search was conducted in the PubMed and LILACS databases and through the VHL portal, prioritizing articles addressing the biological properties of alloplastic grafts, the indications of the lateral window technique, and the clinical success rates of implants placed in previously grafted areas using such materials. The findings demonstrated that hydroxyapatite associated with beta-tricalcium phosphate exhibits favorable osteoconductive characteristics, such as adequate porosity and gradual resorption, while allowing the formation of viable bone within a clinically acceptable timeframe. The combination of these materials eliminates the need for a second surgical site, reduces morbidity, and maintains treatment predictability. It is concluded that the lateral window technique associated with synthetic biomaterials is a safe and effective alternative for patients with maxillary bone atrophy, capable of promoting suitable bone beds for dental implant placement and stabilization, with lower surgical risk and satisfactory clinical outcomes.
Dec 2025 DOI 10.14302/issn.2768-5209.ijen-25-5732
S Isaac AnvyCorresponding author
The growing population demands and environmental concerns associated with traditional protein sources have prompted the exploration of alternative and sustainable food sources. The purpose of this comprehensive review is to highlight the nutritional benefits and sustainability of insect-based foods as a promising solution. Global population growth necessitates innovative approaches to meet the demand for nutritious and sustainable protein sources. There are numerous challenges associated with traditional livestock farming, including land use inefficiency, high water usage, and greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, edible insects have emerged as a viable alternative, providing proteins (35-77% of dry matter), healthy fats (10-50%), essential amino acids, and micronutrients such as iron (up to 31mg/100g) and zinc (up to 20mg/100g), vitamins, and minerals. In contrast to livestock, which requires 22,000-43,000 liters of water to produce 1 kg of beef, insect farming consumes significantly less water and land resources. Insects have the potential to address nutritional deficiencies and strengthen food security as they are recognized for sustainable production. The study thoroughly investigates the literature addressing environmental and sustainability concerns associated with edible insect farming, using a rigorous bibliometric and scientometric analysis via Vos viewer. With the help of Vos Viewer, it was possible to identify the geographical distribution of countries that contributed to the field of edible insects and their acceptance, as well as the top ten documents in this field with the most citations and mostly used keywords in this field of research. Future research and implementation strategies will be able to benefit global food security and environmental conservation through these alternative protein sources.
Jul 2025 DOI 10.14302/issn.3070-2232.jf-25-5519
Ewur Banson KwaminaCorresponding author
The rising costs of conventional poultry feed ingredients, such as soybean, maize, and fish meal, have prompted the search for more affordable and sustainable alternatives in poultry production. This study investigates the use of phytase-supplemented Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) as a replacement for soybean meal to improve feed efficiency, nutrient absorption, and growth performance in poultry. White Leghorn layers, Rhode Island Red layers, broilers, and cockerels were fed three different feed formulations: conventional feed (CF), Moderate PKC with Phytase (MPP), and High PKC with Phytase (HPP). The results showed that PKC-based diets significantly reduced feed costs while maintaining satisfactory growth, although CF led to higher body weight gain and feed efficiency. The MPP formulation struck an optimal balance between cost savings and nutritional quality, making it a viable option for layers and cockerels, while CF remained the most effective for broilers. While the HPP formulation resulted in lower feed costs, it compromised weight gain and overall profitability. These findings highlight the potential of phytase-enhanced PKC as a sustainable, cost-effective alternative to conventional feed, particularly in regions with high feed costs. However, the study emphasizes the importance of balancing cost reductions with feed quality to maximize profitability. Future research should focus on optimizing PKC inclusion levels and exploring additional enzyme supplements to further enhance feed efficiency and support sustainable poultry farming practices. This study provides valuable insights into how strategic feed formulation can support both economic and production goals in the poultry industry.
Feb 2025 DOI 10.14302/issn.2690-6759.jpar-25-5392
Prince Kyere DwaahCorresponding author
This study investigates the parasitological examination of faecal samples collected from sheep, goats, and cattle at the Techiman Slaughterhouse. Initially, 341 samples were collected, which were subsequently sorted to 327 for analysis due to the loss of data for 14 samples. The primary aim was to identify the prevalence of parasitic infections and assess the health implications for livestock and public health. The samples were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative parasitological techniques, including flotation and sedimentation methods, to detect nematode and cestode eggs. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data and the prevalence of each parasite type. The findings reveal significant levels of parasitic infections, particularly strongyle ova and Moniezia expansa, highlighting the need for better management practices in livestock health.
May 2024
Almekhlafi KaylaCorresponding author
This exploratory study investigates factors and consequences of underdiagnoses or late diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in females favoring males in the referral, diagnosis, and treatment processes resulting in gender disparities. A literature review in PubMed, PsychINFO, PsychArticles, and PsychiatryOnline from 2010 to 2023 underscores significant implications of delayed ADHD diagnosis in females, hindering timely access, support, and interventions during critical developmental years. Factors associated with underdiagnosis of ADHD among girls include gender differences in symptomology presentation, comorbidity, and gender bias among parents, teachers, and healthcare providers. We highlight the role of ethnicity and cultural factors. This bias prevents girls from receiving necessary ADHD support and treatment, impacting their health, social, and economic outcomes into adulthood. We summarize strategies to urgently address gaps in ADHD research and practice. Raising awareness among communities, healthcare providers, educators, and parents is vital to alleviate these gender disparities. By illuminating factors contributing to delayed diagnoses, the study informs policymakers and stakeholders, facilitating targeted interventions to improve early detection and treatment outcomes for females with ADHD.
Mar 2024 DOI 10.14302/issn.2642-3146.jec-24-4935
Yakubu SufyanCorresponding author
Promoting responsible energy usage in student hostels and residential buildings plays a crucial role in ensuring sustainable development. By implementing cost-efficient strategies for managing and conserving energy, both students and homeowners can not only reap economic and social benefits but also mitigate the adverse environmental effects associated with energy consumption. Unfortunately, student hostels and residential buildings in developing countries like Ghana are falling behind in the adoption of energy efficiency and management practices, thereby missing out on valuable implementation opportunities. This study investigates the potential for energy efficiency and conservation measures in student hostels, specifically the GETFUND hostel of the University of Energy and Natural Resources in Ghana. The hostel's monthly energy consumption is approximately 64,929.458kWh, which translates to $5,667.20. The objectives of the study include analysing the current electricity consumption pattern, identifying energy misuse, and recommending measures to save energy, as well as calculating the financial benefits of implementing energy management practices. The methodology employed is an energy audit approach. The results of this study can contribute to overall energy conservation efforts in Ghana and may be applied to other university residence halls in sub-Saharan African countries with similar climatic and energy-use characteristics. In a broader sense, the primary objective of this study is to enhance the energy efficiency of the GETFUND hostel and minimize energy wastage, resulting in substantial financial savings.
Jun 2023
Rifkatu Kambel DogaraCorresponding author
The increasing demand for environmentally-friendly materials has led to a surge in research on the production of biodegradable polymers. In this study, we investigate the synthesis of a biodegradable polymer by graft copolymerization of gum Arabic (GA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). GA, a natural polysaccharide and PEG, a synthetic water-soluble polymer, were used as the backbone and graft monomer, respectively. The graft copolymerization was carried out using benzoyl peroxide as an initiator and performed under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting polymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Xray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of the graft copolymer, and TGA analysis showed that the copolymer had higher thermal stability than GA. The DTA thermograms indicated two thermal events. The evaporation of water and organic polyethylene glycol components was measured, and the first mass loss was due to the loss of adsorbed and structural water in the gum Arabic, which occurred between 31.87 and 180°C, while the second, corresponding to the pyrolysis of polyethylene glycol functional groups and polysaccharide decomposition, resulted in a 70% mass loss. SEM morphological analysis of gum Arabic showed aggregates of high irregularity in particle shape. The cracks and holes obtained in the Gum Arabic micrograph disappeared from the new gum Arabic-graft-polyethylene glycol, leaving a smooth surface with scattered particles in the image, which was due to the grafting copolymer. From the XRD patterns, the percentages of the amorphous and crystalline phases were determined. The results show that gum Arabic has a 78% degree of crystallinity, whereas gum Arabic-graft-polyethylene glycol has the lowest value of 51%. Biodegradation activity was observed using the fungus Aspergillus flavus on different days on gum Arabic-g-polyethylene glycol. The results clearly showed inhibition zones with a change in the state of the copolymer from solid to liquid from days 8 to 14. These results indicate that the GA-PEG copolymer has potential as a biodegradable material for use in various applications, such as packaging, agriculture, and medical industries.
Jun 2023 DOI 10.14302/issn.2377-2549.jndc-23-4431
Ifeanyi John ObibuenyiCorresponding author
Background of this paper investigates dogonyaro-leaf-extract as inhibitor for aluminum corrosion in 0.3-M hydrochloric acid, and its acceptability as original. In the methods, the extract was analyzed for phytochemicals and corrosion test performed on aluminum sheet before immersion in acid incorporated extract. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), tests were performed over frequency of 100 KHz–10 mHz and 10 mV peak to peak perturbation amplitude to obtain the corrosion potential. Tests were run at 30oC ± room temperature in aerated quiescent solutions. In weight loss method, coupons were suspended in aerated solutions before immersion in 20% mixture of sodium hydroxide and zinc dust to stop further corrosion. Morphology of the mirrorlike finished arid surface aluminum was measured with scanning electron microscope SEM. In the results, various phytochemicals were observed; significant effect of incorporating inhibitor on EIS data recorded and optimum extract efficiency was 99.46%, at 10 g/l, 60oC, within 6 hours. This result was validated and 99.3% efficiency obtained. Introduction of extract into acid corrodents caused increase of charge transfer resistance and reduced double layer capacitance. A warm arid clean coupon evolved after SEM test. In conclusion, there was increase in efficiency of inhibition as inhibitor concentration and temperature increased. Similarly, close responses towards the factors for Inhibition occur. Measured polarization showed that extract inhibited both cathodic and anodic reaction processes and thus, is classified as mixed type inhibitor. The investigations thus proved the extract as excellent corrosion inhibitor for aluminum in 0.3-M hydrochloric-acid.
Nov 2022 DOI 10.14302/issn.2641-4538.jphi-22-4235
E. Obeten KebeCorresponding author
Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Biomedical sciences, Kampala International university, Uganda
This study investigates the effect of Aqueous extract of abelmoschus esculentus on the microanatomy of the small, large intestine and stomach and the body weight of Wister rats. Twenty-one adults male wistar rats weighing between 100-120 grams were assigned into three groups consisting of seven rats each; Group A (control), Group B (low dose), and Group C (high dose). The rats in the control group were fed with fed with feed and water only while the rats in groups B and C were treated with 0.1mg/kg body weight and 3.0mg/kg body weight of abelmoschus esculentus respectively for 14 days. At the end of administration, the final weights of all rats were recorded before sacrifice using cervical dislocation and the small, large intestine and the stomach were harvested, processed and stained using H&E stain. The results were revealed as significant (p<0.05) increased in the mean body weight compared with the weight in the control groups and experimental groups. The treated animal groups revealed increased cellularity, focal metaplasia of the mucosal cells with villous disruption in the small intestine and dysplasia of the mucosal with loss of epithelial shape in large intestine. The stomach histology showed gastric pits with goblet cells smooth muscles layer and surface epithelium in the control group. Sections from the low dose treated group showed deep epithelical gastric pit areas with marked depletion of pits and goblet cells while the high dose treated group revealed dysplasia of gastric pits, goblet cells and smooth muscles appear mildly eroded.
Jan 2022 DOI 10.14302/issn.2372-6601.jhor-22-4061
B. Danilova AnnaCorresponding author
N.N. Petrov National Medicine Research Center of Oncology, Department of Oncoimmunology, 197758, Leningradskaya str., 68, Pesochny, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
Background Human malignant cell models which reflect the structural and physiological complexity of tumor tissue are of great importance for preclinical research in oncology. Spheroids/tumoroids derived from solid tumors are of great interest as cellular models mimicking the first vascular-free growth phase of a tumor node. The fact of the identity between artificially created tumor multicellular aggregates and the real tumor tissue, however, needs to be specified, described and validated in order to see how closely the spheroids are biologically similar to the malignized tissues in vivo compared to the monolayer cell cultures traditionally used. We present here a comparison study of the characteristics of solid tumor cells of different histogenesis (melanomas, soft tissue sarcomas and bone sarcomas, epithelial tumors) cultured in two dimensions (monolayer culture) and three dimensional space (spheroid), namely: spatial organization, multiplication, metabolic activity. Patients and Methods For the creation of 2 D and 3D cell models the cells isolated from the patient's solid tumor fragments obtained intraoperatively were used. 15 samples of skin melanoma, 20 samples of soft tissue and osteogenic sarcomas (STBS), and 9 samples of epithelial tumors (ET). The tumor cells were all cultivated for at least 10 passages. We used phase contrast, confocal microscopy, and immunohistochemistry to investigate spheroids and monolayer cultures. The supernatants of tumor cells grown in 2D and 3D cultures were studied using ELISA and multiplex analysis for the production of a spectrum of chemokines and cytokines supporting the immunosuppression, invasion and metastasis processes. Results Tumor specimens received were predominantly of metastatic origin (75%). In 100% of cases 2D cultures were received, in 88.6% of cases (39 out of 44) we succeeded in obtaining spheroids. There was no direct correlation between the efficiency of tumoroid formation and the tumor's histogenetic origin and the stage of the cancer process (primary tumor, recurrence, metastasis). The median size of spheroids by 4-5 days of cultivation with a starting concentration of 10000 cells per well was 657.14 μm for melanoma (min 400 - max 1000 μm), 571.42 μm (min 400 - max 700 μm), 507.14 μm (min 300 - max 600 μm) for soft tissue sarcomas, 650.0 μm (min 400 - max 900 μm) for osteogenic sarcomas. Immunochemical analysis of Ki-67, GLUT1, and Ecadherin markers was carried out for tumor tissue samples, single-layer tumor cultures, and tumoroids of every patient. The distribution of the stained groups in the spheroids was distinct from the monolayer cultures and more in accordance with the distribution of such in the tissue tumor, the number of Ki-67+ cells was increasing in the spheroids. We detected no dependence of Ki-67+ and GLUT1+ cell localization grade on spheroid size. We identified E-cadherin in tumor tissue and tumoroids of breast carcinoma and one melanoma culture. Monolayer cultures did not express it. The increase in secretory cell activity of the solid tumor cells from 2D to 3D system was observed when CCL2, CCL3, CXCL1, CXCL16, MIF, IL10, MICA (p<0.01) were investigated. Conclusion The presence of patient-specific cells of solid tumors in a 3D environment causes activation of the proliferative and metabolic processes as compared to monolayer cultures, which makes these models approximate the real world clinical picture. The production of chemokines that can attract to the tumor various types of immune system cells, to include their immature versions, as well as production of cytokines and Immunosuppression factors that, when present in the tumor microenvironment in the high concentrations, contribute to the formation of immune cells having suppressive capacities occurs in the 3D cell system. Three-dimensional model of the initial tumor nodule formation stage thus demonstrates the forming process of tumor cells favorable for them microenvironment. Construction of three-dimensional models - spheroids of tumor cells of differing histogenesis demands individual approach and more thorough investigation.
Nov 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2689-5773.jcdp-18-2435
Bajaj AnubhaCorresponding author
Consultant Histopathologist
Theobjective of reviewing Hairy Cell Leukaemia may be achieved by emphasising the condition as a category of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with hair like protrusions of the cytoplasm situated on the aberrant B cell surface. An infrequent disorder, hairy cell leukaemia contributes an estimated 2% of lymphoid malignancies with a male predominance ( M:F ::4-5:1). A majority (90%) of instances depict a mutant immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IGHV). The haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) elucidate a B raf proto-oncogene( BRAF V600E gene- 7q34). An enlarged spleen may be discerned along with pancytopenia as a presenting symptom. The morphology of specific hairy cell leukaemia may be on account of an in vitro interaction of primary hairy cells with BRAF genes and MEK inhibitors, which incite a prominent MEK - ERK dephosphorylation, thereby curtailing transcriptional outpourings of the RAS- RAF- MEK-ERK pathway. Bone marrow aspiration or bone marrow trephine biopsy may be inadequate for diagnosis in 30%-50% individuals on account of extensive fibrosis and the bone marrow sections depict a characteristic interstitial infiltration of leukaemia cells.. Reticulin stains exhibit broad, dense reticulum fibres surrounding the individual or aggregates of leukaemia cells with fibrotic extensions into the abutting bone marrow. The immune reactivity of classic hairy cell leukaemia is concurrent CD19+ CD20+,CD 11c+, CD25+, CD103+ and CD123+. Immune staining for CD20+, annexin 1 and VE1 (a BRAF V600E stain) validates the diagnosis and analyses the extent of malignant bone marrow infiltration. Application of inhibitors of BRAF V600E gene is efficacious in patients resistant to standard therapy. An enlarged spleen beyond 3 centimetres of the left costal margin, a white blood cell count greater than 10000 cells/µL , circulating hairy cells in the peripheral blood greater than 5000 cells/µL and a β 2 micro-globulin level exceeding twice the normal range of 3 µg/ml delineate an inferior outcome with resistance to purine analogues (PNAs). CD38+ elucidation ensures a worse prognosis as does the lack of an IGHV mutation with a reduced overall survival,. A lack of BRAF genetic mutation in 10% -20% of hairy cell leukaemia comprises of inferior prognosis.
Sep 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2377-2549.jndc-18-2177
Michałowski TadeuszCorresponding author
The Generalized Electron Balance (GEB) concept, related to electrolytic redox systems, is considered according to principles of Generalized Approach to Electrolytic Systems (GATES). Two equivalent Approaches (I and II) to GEB are presented. The Approach I, when perceived in convention of the card game, is based on the common pool of electrons as money, introduced by electron-active elements, named as players; electron-non-active elements are called there as fans. The GEB obtained according to Approach II results from the linear combination f12 = 2∙f(O) – f(H) of elemental balances: f1 = f(H) for H, and f2 = f(O) for O. Very important properties of f12 are presented here in details, and illustrated by a redox system where comproportion- ation reactions occur