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Mar 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-21-3756
Boulila MoncefCorresponding author
Professor, Université de Sfax- Institut de l’Olivier- B.P. 14, 4061 Sousse Ibn Khaldoun, Tunisia.
In contributing to the initiative to address the COVID-19 pandemic and in order to enhance the knowledge on driving forces shaping the evolution of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (isolated from Tunisian patients), a comparison in relation to other coronaviruses infecting humans (SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, HCoV/229E, HCoV/NL63, HCoV/OC43, and HCoV/HKU1) as well as animals (SARS-CoVs in tiger, bats, civet, pangolin, bovine, and MERS-CoV in dromedary/camel), was conducted. In-depth analysis was carried out involving 115 sequences of spike glycoprotein-coding gene extracted from the international databases. Phylogeny inference allowed the reconstruction of a bifurcating tree where four distinct groups were delineated and at the same time, three animal accessions (SARS-CoV-2/tiger, MERS-CoV/camel, and SARS-CoV/bovine) shifted from the animal group and integrated the human coronaviruses clades. Nonetheless, in the presence of reticulate events such as recombination, networks described better the phylogenetic relationships rather than the classic dendrogram. Thus, networks were produced and identified four clusters containing sharply demarcated subgroups (eight subdivisions). Except networked phylogenies of SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and HCoV/HKU1, all the others showed edges and boxes illustrating the occurrence of incompatibilities related to the sequences of spike glycoprotein-coding gene. Thereby and consolidating this result, three methods (RDP package, GARD, and RECCO) were used to detect breakpoints in aligned sequences. Except the clades SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, all the remaining phylogenetic subdivisions were subject to recombination. Furthermore, the screening of selection pressure in all studied sequences by various statistics-based models of the HyPhy package, showed that, similarly, the lineages belonging to the clades SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 were not under selection. In contrast, all members of the remaining clades underwent, to different extents, adaptive selection as well as purifying selection.
Mar 2023 DOI 10.14302/issn.2474-7785.jarh-22-4381
Tariku Belay YilkalCorresponding author
Background Ageing is a life process in which progressive molecular, cellular, physiological and anatomical changes manifesting in humans and animals including other organisms lead to the decline of biological functions. Immunoglobulins (Igs) are glycoprotein molecules produced by white blood cells mainly B lymphocytes following signal transduction as a result of their interaction with pathogenic microbes or poisonous substances introduced into the body systems. They elicit responses against the side effects of pathogens and poisons in which their response efficiency usually declines as we are ageing. Objective Thus, the similarities between Igs’ immune response against the different amounts of xenobiotics and the biological changes associated with ageing have been systematically assessed using the reports of different study results on humans and animals. Methods First, a literature search was carried out in google, PubMed and google scholar using planned search terms related to the title of this study. Review and original articles were retrieved, downloaded and saved on a computer. And then the effects of different factors i.e. xenobiotics, age, sex and lifestyle-based practices on the levels of serum Igs (IgG, IgA and IgM) in animals and humans have been studied using a systematic review of different literature sources. Finally, the relationship between the findings of various studies has been assessed and judgment on the possible cause of ageing has been made. Results The findings of different research have demonstrated that the signaling efficiency of immunoglobulin M (IgM) has been limited by the amount of test compounds administered to study Balb c mice in the oral route. The response efficiency of IgM immune response against the lower doses of test compounds were high compared to the higher doses of test compounds which was low. The results of different other studies also demonstrated that the decline of serum IgM levels was associated with ageing. The relationship between alcohol consumption and the concentration of serum Igs was also described in the report of different studies. These studies have shown that there was lower level of IgG in the blood serum of alcohol consumers compared to non-consumers. The study has also demonstrated a lower level of serum IgM with higher alcohol consumption and higher serum concentration with moderate beer consumption. Conclusion The trajectory of Igs’ immune response against different amounts of xenobiotics was highly associated with the trajectory of biological changes during ageing. These research findings might be the possible evidence to conclude that ageing is caused by the foodstuffs and non-foodstuffs we usually consume, the lifestyles we usually experience and the way of life we usually live in the environment which gradually defiling the natural processes of the body.
May 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2689-4602.jes-21-3837
O. Henderson JeffreyCorresponding author
Department of Science and Mathematics, Judson University, Elgin, IL 60123, USA
The coronavirus infectious disease (20)19 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by a newly identified virus (2019) SARS-CoV-2, a beta coronavirus that shares similarities with other human-infecting coronaviruses. Genomic analysis suggests that SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to SARS-CoV, a bat-related coronavirus, RaTG13, and to other pangolin-associated coronaviruses. The spike protein of coronaviruses are glycoproteins and are responsible for attaching the virus to the host cell and entering. Amino acid changes within the spike protein-encoding gene from SARS-CoV to SARS-CoV-2 enable SARS-CoV-2 to form a stable spike protein, to form a stable complex between the S protein and the receptor ACE2, to increase binding points between the S protein and ACE2, and to survive at higher temperatures. SARS-CoV-2 is zoonotic, with genomic analysis implicating bats as the original host and pangolins as the most likely intermediate host to infect humans. As SARS-CoV-2 infects humans, viral point mutations will continually occur and cause the emergence of new competitive SARS-CoV-2 strains. Two major strains include D614G and N501Y and have increased infectivity and transmission, further complicating the scope of the current COVID-19 pandemic. Vigilant monitoring of viral development and evolution is necessary for developing proper treatment methods and vaccine targets.
Apr 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2691-8862.jvat-20-3278
Isea RaúlCorresponding author
Fundación Instituto de Estudios Avanzados, Hoyo de la Puerta, Baruta. Venezuela.
The goal of this paper is to obtain the numerical consensus of B cell epitopes from the three-dimensional structure of the prefusion spike glycoprotein of the new betacoronavirus that could lead to the development of a vaccine to 2019-nCoV. In order to do that, we first calculated the B-cell epitopes that are predicted using fourteen different mathematical algorithms. Later, we obtained the consensus of B-cell epitopes according to the Similarity Index, and finally selecting the best candidates according to the results of a function called <F> which is evaluated for the glycoprotein. The best candidates that we obtained in order to design a vaccine are SSANNCT, PLQSYGFQPT, TESNKKFLP, NNSYEC, AENS, LPDPSK and YDPLQPE.
Feb 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2372-6601.jhor-18-1938
Mostafa Ali ElsayedCorresponding author
Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University
Neuropilins are transmembrane glycoproteins that act as receptors for vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) and are involved in the process of tumor angiogenesis. Its importance in hematological malignancies such as acute leukemia (AL) remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of neuropilin-1 expression in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) patients by flowcytometry and the difference between both groups of acute leukemia. Bone marrow aspirates of 52 patients with acute leukemia, 29 patients with de novo AML and 23 ALL patients were examined in this study. 15 subjects with non-hematological malignancy serving as the control group were also included. Neuropilin-1 expression by flow cytometry showed a highly significant increase in de novo AML and ALL patients with a mean of 37.9 ± 20.92% and 32.33±19.8%, respectively, compared to control group’s mean of 11.51 ± 3.04% (p= 0.001, 0.006). There were no statistically significanct difference between ALL and AML patients (p= 0.76). Neuropilin-1 surface expression by flowcytometry showed a significant positive correlation with total leukocyte count, bone marrow blast percentage, CD45 and CD14 and negative correlation with hemoglobin level, RBCs count in AML patients. In ALL patients, positive significant correlations were found with bone marrow blast percentage and negative correlation with hemoglobin level, RBCs count. Neuropilin-1expression was detected significantly in acute leukemias and it is related to the disease severity.
Nov 2017 DOI 10.14302/issn.2576-6694.jbbs-17-1744
Mahjoubi FrouzandehCorresponding author
Department of Clinical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
Aim: Colorectal cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in the world. Cell adhesion molecules play an important role in the progression of various cancers. It has been shown that the high level expression of some Cell adhesion molecule could be a new diagnostic factor for several cancers. Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1(VCAM1) is a cell surface glycoprotein that is expressed in the endothelium activated by cytokine. Generally, VCAM-1 expression level is very poor in normal adult tissue endothelial cells. According to the above explanation, this study was conducted to investigate the expression of VCAM-1 in tumoral tissues and adjacent normal tissues in Iranian colorectal cancer patients to its relation with clinicopathological Features in patients with cancer. Methods: In this study, 60 tumoral tissues and 39 adjacent normal tumor tissues were evaluated using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Conclusion: A significant correlation was found between VCAM-1 expression level and the stage, lymph nodes involvement, tumor progression factor of cancer and sex. Interestingly, VCAM-1 expression not observed in tumors with stage0. No association was seen between VCAM-1 expression and other clinical features such as age, size of the tumor, metastasis and the number of lymph nodes. These findings suggest that VCAM-1 expression level may reflected disease progression and elevation in VCAM-1 has prognostic significance in patients with colorectal carcinoma.