Search results for “problems”

Formalization of correlational studies of water problems

A methodological note proposes formal structures for correlational studies of water problems. It emphasizes variable definition, confounding control, and reproducibility.

Acute Pneumonia and COVID-19: Problems of Today

A timely review discusses acute pneumonia in the context of COVID‑19, covering diagnostics, imaging patterns, supportive care, and evolving therapeutics. It highlights uncertainties and priorities for coordinated research and clinical pathways.

Feeding Problems in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Background: Feeding problems are common in autism. Parents are frequently worried about the health status of their children, which may be threatened by some consequent nutritional deficiencies. Despite this, feeding behaviours remain little explored by clinicians working with children with autism spectrum disorders and researches are lacking especially in Tunisia. Aims: To evaluate the frequency and the types of feeding problems in children with autism spectrum disorders. Settings and Design: A comparison was made between 57 children with autism spectrum disorders and 57 control groups regarding the feeding problems. Parents completed the children’s eating behavior inventory (CEBI). Autism severity is evaluated using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale. The SPSS statistical package, version 20.0 was used. Results: According to the CEBI, children with autism spectrum disorders showed more feeding problems than the control group (82.4% versus 56.1%, p=0.002). In fact, the parents of these children observed more pica habits on their children compared to the control group (p=0.000). They also observed more selectivity for starchy foods compared to the control group (p=0.000). The more the autistic symptoms were severe, the more children exhibited feeding problems (p=0.02). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that feeding problems are more common in children with autism. Clinical implications trigger the need for clinicians to provide the necessary assessment and treatment.

Experimental Zoology. Advancements, Problems and Future Prospects

A Systematic Review of Dengue Fever and Dengue-Associated Neurological Conditions Was Conducted in an Attempt to Better Understand This Disease

Dengue is a global arbovirus disease primarily carried by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. It has four serotypes (DENV1, DENV2, DENV3, and DENV4) and is classified into distinct genotypes. The epidemic is complicated by immunological interactions and viral lineage turnover. Neurological problems are commonly associated with DENV2 and DENV3, with DENV2 displaying the most severe symptoms. Direct viral invasion, host-mediated immune system reactions, or host-mediated metabolic alterations can all result in dengue-related neurological issues. The three dengue vaccinations and the significance of meta-analyses for genetic data will also be covered. Finally, establish a connection with the microRNAs associated with dengue fever, creating new opportunities for the creation of dengue treatment regimens involving microRNAs.

Measuring Quality Change in the Market for Anti-Ulcer Drugs

The General Accounting Office released a study in August 1992 of twenty-nine sampled prescription drugs that reported an average increase in the price of approximately 138 percent between 1985 and 1991 (GAO 1992, 4, Table 1) Those and other published price indexes are increasingly being used in the public policy arena to focus the debate on the potential regulation of pharmaceutical prices and the coverage of health insurance. In an industry where products are multidimensional and the rate of technological progress is brisk, misinterpretation of unadjusted indices of drug prices can easily arise. This can lead to erroneous conclusions regarding appropriate policies for the pharmaceutical industry. Researchers have addressed numerous general theoretical issues concerning the construction and interpretation of price indices 1. Two issues of particular interest for pharmaceutical markets are the new goods problem, which deals with the introduction of generic drugs into a drug price index, and the quality problem, which recognizes that newer versions of drugs with the same basic Chemical action may be superior in certain dimensions to drugs already on the market. Specific to pharmaceutical markets, 2 have also argued that the sampling procedure used by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to calculate pharmaceutical price indices is flawed. Each of those problems deserves careful analysis. This study focuses on the issue of product quality measurement and quality change.

Barriers to Managing Childhood Obesity in the General Practice Amidst of the Double Burden of Malnutrition: A Sri Lankan Perspective

Childhood obesity is on the rise, mostly in the low-income regions in South Asia including Sri Lanka. Simultaneously, undernutrition also continues to be an ongoing public health issue. The coexistence of childhood obesity with undernutrition has resulted in a double burden of malnutrition in these countries.  Management of obesity in a community already affected by undernutrition is a challenging situation. At present, management of childhood obesity occurs as a hospital-based lifestyle modification intervention which cannot address all tiers in the community alike. Although national level multifaceted strategies are in place, implementation is limited due to financial constraints. In this context, the general practitioners can be considered as an important group of medical professionals who can reach families in the community.  In many households in Sri Lanka, an overweight child is considered as normal and well-nourished in comparison to an underweight child. Unhealthy eating habits and force feeding have become norms in the society. Changing mindsets of people need significant time and commitment. General practitioners, in the community would be able to achieve this target through effective communication based on a nutrition sensitive approach.  While uplifting the infrastructure facilities, steps have to be taken to update the knowledge and communication skills of the general practitioners on managing childhood obesity in a community affected with double burden of malnutrition. The well-equipped GP is an asset to modify the attitudes and thinking patterns of parents with regard to child nutritional problems. Childhood obesity is on the rise, mostly in the low-income regions in South Asia including Sri Lanka. Simultaneously, undernutrition also continues to be an ongoing public health issue. The coexistence of childhood obesity with undernutrition has resulted in a double burden of malnutrition in these countries. Management of obesity in a community already affected by undernutrition is a challenging situation. At present, management of childhood obesity occurs as a hospital-based lifestyle modification intervention which cannot address all tiers in the community alike. Although national level multifaceted strategies are in place, implementation is limited due to financial constraints. In this context, the general practitioners can be considered as an important group of medical professionals who can reach families in the community. In many households in Sri Lanka, an overweight child is considered as normal and well-nourished in comparison to an underweight child. Unhealthy eating habits and force feeding have become norms in the society. Changing mindsets of people need significant time and commitment. General practitioners, in the community would be able to achieve this target through effective communication based on a nutrition sensitive approach. While uplifting the infrastructure facilities, steps have to be taken to update the knowledge and communication skills of the general practitioners on managing childhood obesity in a community affected with double burden of malnutrition. The well-equipped GP is an asset to modify the attitudes and thinking patterns of parents with regard to child nutritional problems.

The Impact of Nutrients on Diabetes

Over the past 20 years, the number of persons with diabetes has more than doubled globally. The purpose of this review article is to investigate the connection between certain vitamins and diabetes. Diabetes patients have been found to have decreased amounts of certain antioxidant vitamins including A, C, and E, presumably as a result of the requirement to control oxidative stress brought on by problems with glucose metabolism. Retinol-binding protein has regulatory and adipocytokine function. Thiamine, pyridoxine, and biotin levels are also decreased in diabetics. Studies have shown that it restricts the absorption of several nutrients, such as vitamins B9 and B12, thus diabetics must frequently replenish these vitamins. Low vitamin D levels increase the risk of developing diabetes and associated complications, such as cardiovascular disease. Although some studies indicate that vitamin K supplementation can enhance glucose metabolism, it is not known if vitamin K supplementation can prevent or repair oxidative damage. Numerous studies have demonstrated the detrimental consequences of excessive vitamin supplementation. The association between a few nutrients—specifically, vitamins A, D, C, B3, B6, B9, Zn, B12, E, B1/K, and irons—and the already mentioned pathways implicated in diabetes—as well as their potential regulatory activity—will be analyzed in the review that follows.

Assessment of Reproductive Performances and Sex Ratio of Newborn in Cross Breed Dairy Cattle of Hawassa City, Ethiopia

Reproductive performance is an essential trait of cows in dairy cattle. The effect of different factors on reproductive performances and sex ratio difference in dairy cattle were not well documented in Ethiopia. In this research, cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2021 to June 2022 in Hawassa city to assess reproductive performances and effect of breeding methods on sex ratio difference of newborn. Questionnaires and observational study were used to collect data. In this study, the mean+SE of age at first service was 17.53+0.035 with difference of relatively one month from onset of puberty. The mean number of services per conception was higher in animals breed naturally (1.87+0.056) as compared to AI (1.69+0.049). Higher conception rate of 74.26% was obtained in age group of <4years as compared to old age >6years at rate of 4.11% with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). Animals with medium level of milk production (15-20L/day) more conceived to first service 43.14% than higher milk production group (20-25L/day) with 35.59%. The presence of reproductive problems significantly affect conception rate to first service with higher conception rate of 54.47% in negative animals and 22.41% in animals with reproductive problems. Conception rate was increased with increasing number of services in both breeding types. Sex of newborn was not significantly affected by breeding methods used and difference in the study area. Generally this research found that reproductive performances and use of AI in the study area were satisfactory even though age, level of milk production and presence of reproductive health problems had significant impacts on performances. In order to sustain and improve reproductive performances age, reproductive health problems and breeding management should be considered. Therefore, reproductive health management and application of AI for genetic improvement should be well practiced to improve dairy cattle reproductive performances.

Study of obstacles of fish culture in Khartoum State (Omdurman, Khartoum and Khartoum north, case study)

The present study aimed to provide baseline information of fish culture status (obstacles) of Omdurman, Khartoum and Khartoum north in the Khartoum state in Sudan due to there is little or lack of information in this field. 30 owners of farm were questioned from Omdurman, Khartoum and Khartoum north, 10 farms for each location; Descriptive analysis was done for analyzing the raw data of the study by using Excel Microsoft Software 2007. Social data showed that male farm owners group was dominant in third sites 100%. Age groups of fishermen ranged between 20 to 60 years; where age group 31- 40 Khartoum north, age group 41- 50 was dominant in O mdurman and age group 51-60 year was dominant in Khartoum. Six educational categories were recorded where University education was dominant in the three locations 50%, 50% and 70% respectively; whereas, postgraduate was the second in the tow location: O mdurman and Khartoum 20% and the secondary education were the third in Khartoum 30%. all farm owners were married 100% in three sites; As regards to the farm owners other activities results showed that most of them were practicing other activities (farmers, business owner, officers and workers). Category of farmer was dominant 90% secondly business owner and officer 70% and 50% respectively. Data showed that the problems (Varanus niloticus, birds, marketing, fees and thefts) was dominant in three locations had the highest percentage 90%, 80%, 60%, 30% and 10% respectively. and according to production cost in three locations arranged: (feeds, workers, fingerlings, water and technical supervision) 50, and 70% and 40%, 50% and 70% and 30%, 40% and 50% and 10, 20 and 40% and 10, 20 and 30% respectively. Category of feeds dominant followed by workers and fingerlings, the best Method to obtain of information, the results showed that Bulletins was dominant in three sites 80%, 30% and 90%; whereas, field visits in three location was the second 60%, 90% and 0%, Radio programs in three location was the third 60%, 10% and 60% and the lowest percentage; Seminars and television 40%, 50% and 40%, and 30%, 0% and 0%. For the best location to obtain information results revealed that the General Director of Fisheries Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Resources and Irrigation - Khartoum State was dominant in the three locations 90%, 80% and 90%, whereas, Universities in three location was the second 40%, 20% and 0%, and the lowest percentage Central Research of fisheries 40%, 0% and 0%, and Internet 10%, 20% and30%. Also result showed most of the farm owners in three sites all them need to training courses in deferent programmers (Fish extinction, Fish feeding, Fish production and Fish marketing) according to this percentages 60%, 30% and 50%, and 30%, 10% and 50%, and 10%, 10% and 30%, and 10%, 0% and 20% respectively.

Epidemio-Clinical Profile of Acute Diarrhea in Children From 0 To 5 Years and Prevalence of Rotavirus Before and After the Introduction of the Rotasiil Vaccine in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Introduction Acute diarrhea remains one of the major health problems in developing countries. According to the WHO, rotavirus contributes to approximately 40% hospitalizations and is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in children 0-5 years old. The objective was to determine the prevalence of rotavirus and the sociodemographic and clinical profile among children with diarrhea in 4 hospitals in the DRC. Methods This study is documentary, retrospective and analytical taking two periods, before and after introduction of the vaccine, i.e. January 2017 to December 2018 and January 2020 to December 2021 in 4 hospitals, i.e. 2 in Kinshasa and 2 in Lubumbashi. Results Total 1872 children, 924 (49.4%) of whom were enrolled before the introduction of the vaccine and 948 (50.6%) after. Only 1737 had performed serology, of which 875 (50.4%) were rotavirus positive and 862 (49.6%) were negative. Positive results, a reduction of 30.6% is noted since the introduction of the vaccine. The predominant age range was 6 to 11 months. The male gender was predominant at 56.7%. Diarrhea was found in 88.5%, vomiting in 73.7% and fever in 73.9%. Before vaccination, the risk was more: 11 times to have diarrhea, 9-10 times the frequency between 3-10 times a day, 9 times vomiting, 2 times fever and 2 times to have a positive result. Conclusion From this study, we note a reduction frequency due to diarrhea unlike previous years, probably attributable to the vaccine.

Spontaneous Subgaleal Hemorrhage in a Child with Autism

Severe ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) deficiency, commonly known as “scurvy,” continues to be a problem in malnourished populations across the world but is relatively rare in the United States. Early features of this condition include general weakness, fatigue, and aching limbs. An extremely rare and late feature of this condition is subgaleal hemorrhage. Scurvy has such a low prevalence in First World countries that it is often misdiagnosed or not diagnosed at all. The subject in this case report presented acutely and is one of few to involve a subgaleal hemorrhage to be documented in medical literature to date. Laboratory studies and clinical improvement through treatment established the diagnosis. Ascorbic acid deficiency should be considered when evaluating children with poor nutrition despite socioeconomic status, living conditions, or access to health care. This case also reminds us that neurodivergent children are a vulnerable population and more research will need to be conducted to determine just how detrimental the pandemic has been to patients with ongoing problems who were lost to follow up.

Statistical Study on the Impact of Computer-use on Child-health in the Arab-community

United States of America (USA), Australia, and Canada recommending children computer-use should be imperfect. It obligated a strong influence on children’s lives. The problem was for stuck in the computer-use for a long time per day. The goal was to follow child-health in the Arab-community to notice its influence on the child-health. The method was through a arithmetical study by sending Internet questionnaire and receiving the parents' advice. The results were in the 500 parent answers and 14 comments. The first was "You have a child up to 13 years old?"; 83.6%. The second was "Your child used a computer?"; 80.8%. The third was "Your child used the computer for a long time?"; 67.9%. The fourth was "The computer caused a health problem for your child?"; 70.3%. The fifth was "The computer caused your child mental disorder?"; 68.5%. The sixth was "The computer caused your child trouble seeing?"; 77.2%. The seventh was "The computer caused your child trouble sleeping?"; 72.0%. The eighth 8 was "The computer caused your child feeding problem?"; 69.5%. The ninth was "The computer caused your child family relationship problem?", 72.0%. The tenth was "Prevent your child from using the computer to protect his health?"; 79.0%. It was concluded that the extent of the harms of child computer-use from a health and psychological point. They have young and sensitive tissues. The computer-use affected them, child-health. It was recommended the parents instructions will protect children from the computer-use for long periods. That will reduce child-health and psychological problems.

Research Achievements of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Species) and it Agro-Ecological Requirements in Ethiopia a Review

Hot pepper is an important spice and vegetable crop in Ethiopia. Its production is constrained by a number of problems among which climatic condition is the primary. The amount rain fail temperature humidity the solanaceous groups of vegetables including hot pepper generally are sensitive to environmental conditions. The amount of rain fall required depends on the altitude of the environment, wind speed sunshine hour, which in turn is influenced by a number of genetic and environmental variables. In the absence of any other production constraints, suitable climatic condition and yield of hot pepper are closely related. Pepper, like other crop produces well when it is grown in good environmental condition. Farmers produce hot pepper in different environment without considering the suitable environment. The yield of hot pepper varies year to year; this indicates that pepper crop need intensive care and management for high return per unit area and also appropriate environmental condition. So in order to produce good hot pepper with the required amount of capsaicinoid content it is butter to grow at temperature range of 17.5-28oc. at low altitude hot environment give high capsaicinoid content and in high altitude / Low humidity and high temperatures will cause abscission of buds, flowers and small fruits.

CalliphoraRomantis: Discovery of A New Species in The Field of Forensic Entomology

Over the years, different entomological genera have been found for forensic analysis. Their biological cycles and how they interact with decomposing bodies have become known. But it is when it comes to identifying a species that problems arise. Firstly, to analyses a corpse, there is a minimum of ethical laws, without which the study would be impossible. On the other hand, these species vary according to geographical and climatic zones. Therefore, what is studied in one place will not be the same as what is studied in another, which has different characteristics. In this study we want to present one of the recently found species and how it was found.

Oral Ulceration

Oral ulceration is a common disorder of the oral mucosa with individuals regularly presenting to primary care practitioners seeking advice and treatment. Diagnosis of oral ulceration remains a challenge for clinicians due to the overlap in clinical presentations and the diverse aetiological processes that can be involved in their development. A recent study evaluating general medical practitioners’ attitudes towards oral examination identified problems in clinicians’ confidence in differentiating between benign and malignant ulcers, with a lack of knowledge and training being cited as contributing factors. This article aims to provide an overview of the diagnosis and management of oral ulceration, providing a framework to guide clinical decision-making in a primary care setting.

Prevention and Safety Training to Improve Community Health

Background and Purpose Public health problems are caused by the emergence of environmental pollution and infectious diseases, which have caused concern around the world. The public health threat affects the relationship between people. Population growth and associated pressures increase difficulties associated with effective means of maintaining public health. The diseases transmitted from human and livestock communication, water pollution, air pollution, and environmental pollutants urge us to find new solutions to address these problems. Understanding the environmental and environmental health is a prerequisite for protecting public health. In Iran, like other countries in the world, the issue of environmental protection and its compliance with the first program of economic, social and cultural development of the Islamic Republic has begun and expanded in the future. In this regard, new perspectives are being introduced that will bring about dramatic changes at various levels of planning, processes and specialized sectors such as civil, industrial and educational sectors. The training of engineers in this regard can play a very important role in refining the attitudes of young engineers and using these bases in their specialized activities. One of the important tasks of universities is to provide a suitable platform for such training. In this regard, it is essential that the major industrial universities of the country develop various programs in this field. Materials and Methods The present study is a review of the type of validity that is performed through search of authoritative scientific databases such as PubMed and Scopus, Google scholar, PubMed using the key words of building safety and health, HSE, and prevention methods are the latest information. Results Implementing the principles of HSE in various construction, industrial and other projects requires time, because any change that is considered in the system requires a change of attitude, which in turn requires time to adapt and adapt to the new conditions. The conditions for the projects in this research are their current conditions, and the next research, after a while, can determine the percentage of project progress in terms of HSE. Conclusion In order to comply with the principle of HSE cases, there is a need for training. These trainings should be executed at different levels and levels of contracting and monitoring so that the level of awareness of the risks involved in the development of civil operations between the personnel reaches a common frontier.

Biotechnological application of Cyanobacteria in, Agriculture, Medicine and Environment

Cyanobacteria are considered as one of the important group of organisms having significant ecological, industrial, and biotechnological importance. Cyanobacteria have gained a lot of atten ion in recent years because of their potential applications in biotechnology. This review presents an overview of uses of cyanobacteria in industry agriculture, environment pharmaceutical and medicinal roles and to provide future prospects of the field of cyanobacteria biotechnology. Nowadays cyanobacteria have gained attention researchers because of their various potential applications such as food and feed pharmaceutical industries in medicine, in bioremediation, soil conditioning, as biopolymers, bio adhesives, bioenergy and biofertilizers. Due to presence of wide spectrum of bioactive compounds cyanobacteria has possesses antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activities. Several strains of cyanobacteria are also rich in food supplements. Further nitrogen fixing and soil conditioning capacity of cyanobacteria attracted researchers. Recent studies have also shown that cyanobacteria have capability to degrade environmental pollutants and are also being used as a promising source of alternative energy. Cyanobacteria has also its limitations through bloom production it influnces on the nutrient availability and usage of phytoplankton plants. This review is an effort to forward the valuable information about the qualities of cyanobacteria and their potential role in solving the agricultural and environmental problems for the future welfare of the planet.Thus more efforts should be made in search of more potential strains of cyanobacteria to ensure maximum production of the desired products.

Biological Effects of High Radiofrequency Radiation on Wistar Rats: A Literature Review

Aim and Objective Despite the growing concerns about the relationship between exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) and detrimental health effects due to the changes in biological processes of experimental animals, there is still ongoing debate on the significance of these findings in causing significant public health problems with the growing advancement in internet technology. The aim of this study is to review existing literature on the effects of high RFR on wistar rats. Method A search was conducted on Google scholar and PubMed to identify relevant peer-reviewed articles to be included into the review. Studies eligible for inclusion included free full text articles on wistar rats exposed to ≥ 2.45GHz RFR conducted in the past 5 years. Studies included in this review were written or transcribed in English language. From 286 titles, 36 eligible studies were included in the review and assessed for quality using the Strengthening the Report of Observational Studies in Epidemiology – Veterinary Extension (STROBE-Vet) quality assessment tool. Results Studies included in this review generally had good quality (>60%) based on the STROBE-Vet assessment. This review identified numerous biological changes in wistar rats exposed to high RFR including variations in biochemical, cholinergic, genetic, histopathologic, psychological, optical, and dermatological parameters. In this review, studies identified variations in protein and liver enzymes while high RFR was found to induce oxidative stress and cellular damage of exposed wistar rats compared to the unexposed groups. This was seen in the changes in protein, lipids, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Studies also identified changes in expression of genes and neurotransmitters with imbalance in hormones. In addition, this review identified structural changes of cells, tissues and organs indicative of apoptosis, damage and death. Exposed rats were identified to have behavioral changes indicative of anxiety and memory decline while studies identified optical and dermatologic changes in exposed rats compared to the unexposed. Conclusion With numerous biological changes identified in wistar rats exposed to high RFR, there is an increasing risk of detrimental health events giving the advancement in internet technology and limited regulations to control exposures to RFR. Therefore, studies should be conducted to identify strategies to mitigate human exposure to RFR while policies are developed and enforced to protect human health.

Scrutinizing Famine Disaster Based On Rainfall Trend Investigation (A Case Study of Khorasan Razavi Province)

Rainfall is one of the most important components of the hydrological cycle. The importance of rainfall in arid and semi-arid regions is more apparent. Due to the important role of rainfall trend assessment in the proper management of water resources, in the present study, Khorasan Razavi province, the second-most populous province of Iran located in the northeast of the country, for this purpose was studied. Currently, this region is facing water shortage problems. In this study, the non-parametric Mann-Kendall method was used to evaluate the annual rainfall trend over a thirty-year period from 1989 to 2019. On the other hand, Sen's slope estimator method was used to determine the magnitude of the rainfall trend in the studied synoptic and rain gauge stations. The results showed that the root of water shortage problems is not due to drastic changes in rainfall. Therefore, water shortage problems in Khorasan Razavi province are mainly due to a lack of proper management (i.e., mismanagement). The present study, by examining the rainfall trend using an appropriate framework, tried to take an effective step towards improving the management of water resources in the northeast of Iran.

Expression of Concern: Potential Risks and Unknown Effects of mRNA Vaccines on Population Health (6th Rev). Damages Are Being Materialized

Several mRNA vaccines are used on the population in the U.S. I started predicting the dangers of mRNA vaccines before March 2021 and update my findings periodically. My prior model study enabled me to identify many flaws in clinical trials, side-effect evaluation methods and mechanism studies, and I also considered consistent failure in predicting drug side effects in the past and systematic failure of FDA in keeping out dangerous drugs from market. I found that the risks of vaccination cannot be determined by experiments alone and must be determined by using a combination of methods. By studying mRNA expression dynamics and kinetics, I predict that vaccination with mRNA vaccines may increase cancer risks, multiple organ failure risks, earlier death risks, genome alteration speeds by one or more mechanisms, alter the normal selection process for viral evolution resulting in more virulent viruses, and aggravate chronic diseases or cause healed diseases to relapse. Two root problems are practical inability to control expression sites and severe adverse reactions from repeated vaccination. Based on mRNA bio-distribution, the mRNA mainly strikes the liver and other vital organs, and poses grave dangers to persons whose vascular functional reserves are relatively small, or whose vascular systems are temporarily burdened by other causes such as viral infections or life activities. If an mRNA vaccine is administered on a pregnant woman by second or booster shots, spike protein synthesis in fetus brain disrupts the highly regulated protein synthesis processes, resulting in potential brain damages. In less than a year, most of my early predicted damages are being materialized or are on the track to hit the population. In this update, I present a benefits-and-risks map to show how the number of deaths caused by mRNA vaccines is grossly underestimated and why claimed benefits like 95% effectiveness rate and 90% death rate reduction are meaningless and misleading.

One Out of Five Women Practiced Cervical Cancer Screening in Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Amhara, North West Ethiopia

Background Eighty five percent of cervical cancer occurrence in resource-poor countries. Contributing factors for these are inadequate knowledge about the disease, early initiation of sexual intercourse and multiple sexual partners. Early screening is an intervention in reduction of maternal deaths due to cervical cancer. Consequently this study was conducted aiming to find out about the practice of cervical cancer screening and its associated factors. Methods A facility based cross sectional study was conducted using a pretested structured questionnaire among women attended Maternal and Child Health (MCH) department of Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital (FHRH) from March15 to April 15, 2019. The study participants were selected systematically. The collected data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Logistic regression analysis was employed to examine factors association with cervical cancer screening that was confirmed using AOR with its 95% CI. Results A total of 400 study participants were included with a response rate of 99.5%. Of the total study participants only 78 (19.5%; 95% CI: 15.6, 23.4) practiced screening for cervical cancer. The cervical cancer screening practice was affected by age (AOR=2.025; 95% CI: 1.118, 3.668). Of those women who had ever heard of about cervical cancer were seven fold more likely to practice cervical screening (AOR=6.924; 95% CI: 1.602, 29.928) compared to those who did not have any information before. Moreover, knowing genital tract discharge as a problem of female organ implement fourfold more likely compared to that of knowing nothing about problem of genital tract (AOR=3.766; 95% CI: 1.761,8.055). Conclusion and Recommendation The study depicted there was low utilization of cervical cancer screening. Awareness creation about cervical cancer and knowledge of genital tract problems had positive influence for screening practice.

From High-Risk Behaviors to Problem-Solving Strategies: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Effects on Addiction Susceptible Adolescents in Cyberspace

This study aimed to evaluate acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) effectiveness in reducing high-risk behaviors and elevating problem-solving strategies in adolescents with addiction susceptibility in cyberspace. This study is longitudinal with quantitative methods of data collection and analysis. The target community in this research was 60 female students randomly selected from a Persian high school in Iran. Participants were randomly divided and placed equally into the experimental and control groups. The participants’ entry criteria were gender, aged from 15 to 18 years, addiction susceptibility, and high-risk behaviors cut-off points. Eight training sessions of ACT were presented in cyberspace for the experimental group between the pre-test and post-test intervals. Data collection instruments were the Iranian youth risk-taking scale, problem-solving strategies, and Iranian adolescents’ addiction susceptibility questionnaires. Participants were followed up after two months. The results using multivariate analysis of among subjects ANOVA showed ACT significantly influenced high-risk behaviors and its’ sub-scales except for the violence (p < .001).Furthermore, ACT affected the problem-solving strategies and its’ sub-scales instead of control, creativity, and confidence (p < .001). According to the findings, ACT decreased high-risk behaviors such as drug abuse, smoking, and unprotected sexual behaviors. These changes might be due to decreased helplessness and avoidance as well as increased acceptance and tendency to solve problems. Instead, problem-solving strategies were improved through ACT cyber treatment.

Factors Affecting Atlantic Salmon Populations Adversely; Using the River Dee, Scotland, as an Example

The stocks of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in many rivers in North America and Europe have declined in recent years and are experiencing a crisis. Despite their high degree of legal protection, the quality of their aquatic environments within rivers and in the sea, including local coastal waters, appears to be deteriorating. Salmon survival, has declined both within the sea and within rivers. The status of the Atlantic salmon stocks is considered here, together with the adverse effects of different sources, and those steps that may need to be taken to improve the condition of the salmon. This paper is intended to assist management bodies in taking steps to resolve the problems that exist for salmon, both within rivers and in the sea. It makes particular use of information available on the River Dee in Scotland.

Uptake of Breast Screening Among Female Staff at A Tertiary Health Institution in South-West Nigeria

Background Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer affecting women globally. It has shown increasing morbidity and mortality rates over the past years. Several screening methods ranging from simple breast self-examination to a highly sensitive test procedures for early detection and treatment are available, but uptake is a challenge. Lack of a national screening programme in the country makes available regional screening programme unsuccessful. This study aims to assess the factors affecting the uptake of breast cancer screening programme among female staff in a tertiary hospital, Southwest Nigeria. Method This descriptive cross-sectional study involves 375 participants selected by a stratified random sampling technique, with proportional allocation to population size and the use of a semi-structured questionnaire. Respondents were questioned on their basic knowledge of breast cancer symptoms, risk factors and treatment, over a score of 50 and above, were set as the cut-off mark to determine good knowledge of breast cancer. Patients attitudes towards breast cancer screening as well as factors affecting uptake were also measured. Descriptive statistical analysis was done using SPSS-20 while the predictors of the uptake of screening were determined using logistic regression at p ≤ 0.05. Results There were 360 respondents, comprising of 13.3% clinical and 86.7% non-clinical female staff within the age bracket of 20 to 58 years (38.2±0.42 years). Out of the respondents, 97.8% have heard about breast cancer but only 52.3% had been screened while 65.5% had “Good knowledge” of breast cancer. Positive attitude to breast cancer screening was displayed in 52.5% while over 90% claimed to be practicing breast self-examination. Only 36.1% of respondents above 40 years old have had mammography done. Most frequent barriers to screening uptake include cost, poor accessibility to screening facilities, shyness (unfamiliar screener), unavailability of female doctors, careless attitude, fear of cancer and other more pressing family problems. Using logistic Regression at p ≤ 0.05, females with a negative attitude, young unmarried (less than 30years) and lack of easy accessibility to screening facilities were significant factors affecting uptake of breast cancer screening services. Conclusion Due to knowledge-uptake gap of breast cancer screening revealed in this study. It is therefore obvious from these findings that a concerted effort is needed to actively remove these barriers by repeated education, training and re-training strategies among health workers and to improve their uptake and level of advocacy and campaign for breast cancer screening among their patients and clients.

Potential Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on Education, Staff Development and Training in Africa

Purpose This paper assess the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on Education, Staff development and Training in Africa. Online Research Methodology/Approach The data use in this paper was generated from online survey questionnaire, in which the participants were asked about certain questions in which covid-19 affect their social-economic situation. The questionnaire was design to help Africa to understand covid-19 impacts on their social and economic live. Results The results of this study reveal that coronavirus pandemic affected Africa in a number of ways; 1) 52.2 percent of the respondents said they should open school now in Africa, while 47.8 percent fear they should not open schools 2) 81 percent said before educational institution are closed there is public or official announcement that institutions must be closed due to pandemic—may be 3 months, ……,,…,, one week it depends on the severity of how covid-19 is spreading across the regions in Africa, 10.7 percent of the respondent said it may be and only 8.3 percent said it is not official announced.3) 65.4 percent of the respondents said government implemented an education response for continue of learning in Africa while educational institutions are closed 4) 61.5 percent said use of online/digital learning platform is the method for continuity of learning is currently available for children affected by closures of educational institutes provided by government, while 50 percent said television, radio, or podcast broadcast and 17.9 percent said assigning reading and exercises for home study. 5) 45.3 percent out of 100 percent said use of online or digital learning platform are the proportion of children affected by education institution closure. 38.7 percent said the proportion of children affect are the one that concentrate of using television, radio or podcast broadcasts to get academic content. 14.7 percent of the respondents are the proportion of the children affected by educational institute closure if they are assigning reading and exercises for home study. 6) 52.6 percent of the respondents from non-government organization, private schools said use of online or digital learning platform is the method for continuity of learning is currently available for children affected by closures of educational institutes, while 61.5 percent said use of online/digital learning platform is the method for continuity of learning is currently available for children affected by closures of educational institutes provided by government. The same thing government said as well. Similar respondents from government as do the non-government or private schools and 35.9 percent respondent said television, radio and podcast broadcast are method for continuity of learning is currently available for children affected by closures of educational institutes-provided by non-governmental organization, private schools etc, whereas 50 percent of the respondents said assigning reading and exercises for home study is the method for continuity of learning is currently available for children affected by closures of educational institutes-provided by government.7) 48.1 percent of the respondents said for the impact of covid-19 pandemic on staff development and training that their enterprise or organization partially suspended operation due to the pandemic and 34.2 percent of the responded said they completely suspended operation because of coronavirus pandemic and 16.5 percent said no closures on in operation for staff development and training because of pandemic. 8)According to the results of this question of the online survey, 49.3 percent said the challenges their enterprise face in delivery staff training programmes and activities using online learning or offline learning during covid-19 was due to infrastructure issues such the problem associated with internet and the like. The survey of the study also confirmed that 32.9 percent twice said limited digital skills of trainers and cost of staff training was a major setback to train staff in their enterprise or organization or department or establishment while 30.1 percent said it is due to limited digital literacy of users are the main challenges face by their department in order to train staff. Policy Implications The implication of the results from this online survey is that it has serious impacts on education closure and staff development and training. As educations are closed due to covid-19 pandemic, it will affect already problems of human capital that are hampering the development of Africa. Due to covid-19 pandemic, the achievement of sustainable development goals on quality education will be seriously halted. The government and the ministry in Africa should work hand in hand to solve the problems of children affected by schools closure after the pandemic by either additional hours or provide more study hours for schools to catch-up with what happened during the pandemic, the study noted. Originality/value The impact of covid-19 on education, staff development and training.

Effect of Wheat Germ, Wheat Germ Oil on Lipid Profile of Hypercholesterolemic Rats

Hypercholesterolemia plays an important role in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) that represent one of the greatest worldwide medical problems nowadays. Recently, an increased attention/ interest for natural antioxidant/ hypercholesterolemia as WG/WGO is increasing. Wheat germ/ Wheat germ oil (WG/WGO) is an excellent source of essential and polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E. It is one of the richest natural sources of tocopherol. This work aims to evaluate the effect of administration of wheat germ (WG) /wheat germ oil (WGO) for 6 weeks on serum lipid profile, lipid peroxidation (liver malondialdehyde) in hypercholesterolemic rats. One hundred and twenty maleSprague Dawelyrats weighing 180-192 gm were used in this study. They were randomly distributed into six groups (20 rats/ group) as follow: g1: normal control, G2: hypercholesterolemic rats; G3: Normal rats treated with WG; G4: hypercholesterolemic rats treated with WG; G5: Normal rats treated with WGO; G6: hypercholesterolemic rats treated with WGO for 6 weeks. Also WG was analysed for its nutritive value, while WGO was analysed for fatty acid profile, and studied for its physico-chemical properties. The results showed significant elevation of liver malondialdehyde (MDA) and serum lipid profile in untreated rats fed on hypercholesterolemic diet. Hypercholesterolemic rats treated with WG/WGO showed an improvement in the biochemical assay of their lipid profile compared with untreated hypercholesterolemic rats. WG/WGO may be able to protect against atherosclerosis and CVD. The administration of WG /WGO to diets of rats caused a marked reduction in TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C, TG and MDA. This improvement effect may be mediated via enhancement of the antioxidant defence system and other factors. However, further clinical studies on human beings are required to assess the efficacy and safety of the WG/WGO.

Cephalometric Antero-Posterior Parameter Evaluation in Orthodontic Patients with Facial Asymmetries

Aesthetic and functional problems associated with significant facial asymmetry can negatively affect the patient's facial appearance, nutritional and psychosocial development. Therefore, a critical assessment and accurate treatment planning is absolutely necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate the parameters of PA cephalometric analysis defined by Ricketts and Grummons and establish statistically relevant correlations and their importance in diagnosing orthodontic patients with varying degrees facial asymmetries. The research included facial asymmetry Romanian patients from the Department of Orthodontics and Dento-Facial Orthopedics of UMF "Victor Babes", Timisoara. The PA cephalogram investigations that met the inclusion criteria were digitally analyzed. Dental and skeletal cephalometric parameters described by Ricketts, Grummons and Kappeyne Van De Coppello were collected through linear, angular and volumetric measurements. Statistically significant correlations between the degree of asymmetry and the dimension of the internal structures were observed.Our conclusion is that PAcephalograms are cost effective and useful investigations in identifying and evaluating skeletal and dental imbalances in orthodontic facial asymmetry patients.

Process Evaluation of Auditable Pharmaceutical Transaction Service in Seka primary Hospital, Jimma Zone, South West Ethiopia

Background A well-functioning drug supply management is the corner stone for any meaningful health service. However, Pharmaceutical supply systems in many developing countries have severe problems, including inefficient selection, procurement and use of drugs. The magnitude and extent of the problem is huge and chronic in the Ethiopian health care system for a long time. Objective To evaluate auditable pharmaceutical transaction service process in Seka primary hospital, Jimma zone south west Ethiopia. Evaluation Methodology Case study design involving both quantitative and qualitative methods was conducted in Seka primary hospital. The focus of this evaluation was on the process of Auditable pharmaceutical transaction service. The evaluation was focused on process part of the program with dimensions; availability, compliance and client satisfaction in the dimension of accommodation. Resource inventory, document review; key informant interviews and observations were conducted. Client satisfaction was assessed through exit interview; with sample size of 326. The qualitative data was analyzed manually using thematic analysis and quantitative data were analyzed by using SPSS version 23 software. Results In Seka primary hospital, percentage availability of the 32 selected Key medicinewas 10.7(82.0%) and there were no expired drugs found on their shelves. The availability of 17 of the required 20(85%) professionals was adequate according the Auditable pharmaceutical transaction service. The average lead time was found to be less than five days. The average counselling and dispensing time were 5:43 minutes and 1:17 minutes, respectively. The average number of drugs per prescription was 2.0. The 1154(97.9%) of drugs prescribed by generic name and 1175(99.7%) of prescribed drugs on Essential Drug List indicates prescribers ‘adherence to facility specific List. Conclusion This evaluation revealed that (based on the pre-set judgment criteria) the achievement of the Auditable pharmaceutical transaction service in Seka primary Hospital was GOOD 82.6 % (achieved 355.2 of 430 weight given), i.e. even though it is Good achievement ,there are areas that needs improvement. Areas for improvement identified were: Pre- and in-service training for all health workers involved in store room and dispensary to improve on the medium counselling time, poor record keeping and the extremely poor labelingof drugs which this all improve the overall client satisfaction.

Adopting High Fat Diets for Fat Loss and Improving Brain Health.

With an increased intake of processed carbohydrates and refined sugars, the obesity rate has shot up in the past decade giving rise to mental and physical health problems. These individuals are also the most vulnerable to a number of other diseases including the current pandemic of Covid-19. This paper aims to address the knowledge gap that is required to promote a healthy lifestyle for mental and physical wellbeing. The paper also analyses a number of different studies conducted and helps in understanding obesity as a strong risk factor to various disorders. Despite constant recommendations from healthcare organisations to address the importance of weight regulation, the process to do so often remains uncertain to the general population. The paper analyses the effects of the ketogenic diet for fat loss as well as treating mental illnesses and aims to address the influence of high carbohydrate diets on mental illnesses.

Use of Fluoride and Silver Ion Compounds in Three International School Based Oral Health Programs – A Case Report

Untreated dental caries in children is one of the most common diseases and largest public health problems in the world. A novel caries management program, using 50% silver nitrate, 38% silver diamine fluoride, and 5% sodium fluoride varnish, was developed at Shoreview Dental, LLC, a private dental practice in Oregon USA, and then introduced into schools in Ecuador, Ghana, and Bolivia. Cavitated carious lesions were treated with 50% silver nitrate, followed by covering with 5% sodium fluoride varnish, three times over two weeks for 165 children in Ecuador at initial assessment, 3 months, and 6 months. This protocol was repeated for 271 children in Ghana at initial assessment and 12 months. In Bolivia, 130 children were treated with 38% silver diamine fluoride, followed by covering with 5% sodium fluoride varnish, once per visit at initial assessment, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months. The percentage of children with active cavitated carious lesions at initial evaluation was 92.7% (Ecuador), 55.4% (Ghana), and 92.3% (Bolivia). The final arrest rate of treated surfaces was 98.8% (Ecuador), 67.6% (Ghana), and 90.2% (Bolivia). Effectiveness of cavitated caries lesion arrest is increased when it is thoroughly cleaned and dried before the treatment protocol. Further optimization is obtained when this protocol is repeated multiple times.

Redefining Coronavirus: Update on the Impacts of COVID-19 in the Rural Areas of Abia State

Public health professionals working in rural communities are aware of the health disparities which result from lack of physicians, limited services, and income during the pandemic. Also they are aware that some populations are more vulnerable than others. People in the rural areas are experiencing problems on their physical, social and economic life styles because the pandemic is exacerbating some inequities. Individuals especially women and children in the rural areas are facing barriers in accessing health care services due to lack of resources and availability of health care providers in the communities. With COVID-19, women are less likely to seek services, including sexual and reproductive health services. Such services may be postponed to limit exposure to COVID-19 infection. This is particularly disturbing because in addition to the women maintaining their own health, they are also responsible for taking care of the mental, emotional and physical health needs of their families as well as all domestic responsibilities. As such, women in rural settings face special challenges as a result of these significant roles they play. Therefore, the impacts of COVID-19 are exacerbated on women by virtue of their sex and the roles they play in the family. This is a qualitative study that reviewed the reports of the 36 health care professionals under the aegis of members of COVID-19 committee working in partnership with state government to control, prevent and cushion the effects of COVID-19 in the society. This study is therefore, a summary of the observations of the COVID-19 committee members made up of 10(27.8%) females and 26(72.2%) males. The study focused on exploring how individual lifestyles in the rural areas have been affected in the face of COVID- 19 pandemic by identifying the vulnerabilities in social, political and economic systems which can amplify the impacts of the pandemic. Findings showed that preventive measures like lockdown and social distancing rules, wearing of face mask, hand washing with soap, and environmental cleanliness were not observed. The study noted that health seeking behaviours, sexual and marital life including income, education, employment and social interactions were all negatively affected. Most hospitals were battered and health care professionals boycotted the hospitals for fear of being infected. It was found that lack of health workers in the hospitals caused a good number of individuals to engage in self-medications. Also most pregnant women delivered their babies at home and few with traditional birth attendants. Some of the women who had deliveries at home experienced complications during and after delivery. Unfortunately, the report showed that governments’ financial supports to these women and their family members were insignificant as the government was more concerned with mitigating the spread of COVID-19 than assisting women to have safe deliveries. Therefore, the vulnerable groups especially women, children, and the elderly who experienced threats to their safety and wellbeing as a result of the services that were disrupted during the pandemic, should be assisted so as not to lose their lives to preventable diseases.

Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Management - A case study of Kanpur, India

Municipal solid waste generation and disposal is a problem not only in India but all over the world. Presently majority of such waste is being dumped indiscriminately over vacant lands causing problems of odor, methane generation leading to air pollution, leaching effect polluting ground water and runoff polluting water bodies. Technological options are available to treat this solid waste and convert it into usable products but the biggest problem is its segregation preferably at the source of generation or even at the disposal area. Municipal solid waste generated in India consists of 15 percent non biodegradable which has high calorific contents and can be converted into power generation. Remaining 85 percent is degradable which can either be converted into compost or bio fuels. Under the present context, sustainable municipal waste management strategy needs to be evolved and put in place with effective implementation to address the issue of environmental pollution. An attempt has therefore been made by the authors of the present paper to take up a case study of Kanpur, India for managing such wastes having sustainable approach. The authors have worked out trends of population starting from the year 1951 and projected to 2051. Similarly waste generation trends established on the lines of population. An effort has also been made as to how much compost, bio fuel and power can be generated along with economic value to make it sustainable on a time scale.

Effects of Different Extraction Methods on Antioxidant Properties and Allicin Content of Garlic

The ever-present need for human communities to extract herbal active ingredients has necessitated many studies to be carried out in order to introduce more efficient and cost-effective extraction processes. The traditional extraction methods are very time consuming and use large volumes of solvents. The large volumes of solvents consumed in such methods not only increase costs but also pose many environmental problems. New extraction methods have been recently introduced to replace the traditional ones. These new methods reduce the volumes of required solvents, shorten the process and increase its efficiency and improve the quality of the products. In this study, the three methods of immersion, boiling, and ultrasound using water/ethanol solvents were employed for garlic extraction and compared with each other in terms of the extraction speed and time, the antioxidant property of the extract, and the quantity of the heat-sensitive active ingredient. The results showed that the highest allicin content (0.086%) was observed in the ultrasonic aqueous extract. The largest amounts of phenolic compounds (0.311 mg gallic acid equivalent) were observed in the ultrasonic aqueous extract followed by the aqueous extract prepared after 72 h in a shaking incubator. The highest inhibition rate (50% at 5000 ppm) was that of the ultrasonic aqueous extract and the shaken aqueous extract. Other extracts achieved an inhibition rate of 50% at 8000 ppm. Therefore, ultrasonic extraction can be a good alternative to traditional extraction methods.

Experimental Analysis PVP Coated Silver Nanofluid Properties for Application in Photovoltaic/Thermal (PVT) Collectors

Nowadays, supplying energy for the global population has turned into a prominent issue for countries engendering the consumption of huge amounts of fossil fuels which leads to some serious environmental problems. Among the renewable energy technologies, solar collectors can play major role to improve the efficiency, in air conditioning utility systems by minimum pollution. In photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) solar collectors, which are currently considered as the most advanced type to produce electricity and heat simultaneously, working fluid absorbs Energy from photovoltaic (PV) module engendering to decrease temperature of PV module and increase the electricity efficiency and also provide permissible amount of heat for other residential applications. Meanwhile, utilizing nanofluid as the working fluid in collector, regarding that the nanofluid has enhanced thermal properties relative to the base fluid, leads to a higher collector efficiency. In this research, PVP coated silver nanofluid was prepared in three volume concentration being 250, 500 and 1000 ppm by two-step method. To assess the stability of nanofluid the zeta potential is calculated which is obtained -41.6 V. Also, the prominent thermal properties of the nanofluid were analyzed regarding PVT solar collector applications. According to the results, thermal conductivity of the PVP coated silver nanofluid, improves the properties of base fluid, to the extent that thermal conductivity coefficient grows up 50% in some temperatures and increased from 0.594 for base fluid to 1.098 W/mK by escalation of concentration to 1000 ppm. Thus, PVP coated silver nanofluid can be deemed as the vital working fluid to improve the performance of PVT solar collectors.

Effects of Selected Secondary Metabolites in Leaf Extract of Jatropha Tanjorensis on Some Gonadal Hormones in Male Wistar Rats

Background and Objective The use of medicinal plants in industrialized societies for extraction and development of many drugs and other chemotherapeutics and traditionally for herbal remedies has increased in recent times. Plant–based medicine is essential in health care services with about 80% global population relying on it because of its cheap source and availability. Jatropha tanjorensis is one such plant used by males and females of childbearing age for treatment of reproductive problems such as infertility. Literature on isolation and characterization of the secondary metabolites in this plant may not be common. Against this backdrop, this research work was carried out to isolate, characterize and determine the effects of J. tanjorensis on the gonadal hormones of male wistar rats. Materials and Methods The secondary metabolites were isolated, characterized, and identified using nuclear magnetic resonance. The experiment was conducted using 25 male wistar rats weighing between 180-200 g randomized into 5 groups, 3 controls and 2 treatment groups of 5 rats each. The treatment groups received 25 mg/kg body weight of phytol and lupeol orally by gastric lavage for 14 days. The animals were anaesthetized and blood samples collected for hormonal assay. Result The experimental data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0, while the post hoc test assessed using Duncan Multiple Range Test at p ≥ 0.05. There was a significant decrease (p ˂ 0.05) in the levels of FSH, LH and TST in the treatment groups when compared to the control groups. The motility and sperm count decrease significantly (p ˂ 0.05) when treatment groups were compared to the control animals. The secondary metabolites, phytol and lupeol present in the leaf extract of Jatropha tanjorensis were responsible for the decrease in some of the gonadal hormones studied.

Sustainable Urban Development – Conceptual Approach

Urbanism and urbanization is a complex term in as much as that it is highly diversified in terms of culture, traditions, religion, social behavior and life, size and capacity, supporting infrastructure, governance, administration, planning approach, trade, so on and so forth. The present scenario is highly sophisticated and alarming in the context of growing and continuous expansion of the urbanization world over leading to associated problems and pose threats to social, environmental, and economic. An effort has been made by the authors of the present paper to conceptualize the parameters for environmental sustainability in urban development.

Molecular Study of Hepcidin HAMP (-582A/G) Gene Polymorphisms and Measurement of Serum Hepcidin Level among Sudanese Patients with Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease

Background Anemia of chronic disease is anemia found in certain chronic disease states, is typically marked by the disturbance of iron homeostasis or hypoferremia. Chronic renal failure is currently known as Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) or Chronic Renal Insufficiency (CRI) implies long-standing, progressive and irreversible renal parenchyma disease resulting in diminished renal function up to 40 to 60%. Often, chronic kidney disease is diagnosed as a result of screening of people known to be at risk of kidney problems, such as those with high blood pressure or diabetes and those with a blood relative with chronic kidney disease. This disease may also be identified when it leads to one of its recognized complications such as cardiovascular disease, anemia, or pericarditis.                             Methods Sysmex kx21 used to CBC and the Cobase411 used to iron profile. Enzyme-Linked immunoassay (ELISA) was used to determine the level of serum hepcidin.  Sample preparation and PCR detection of HAMP DNA Polymorphisms: Restriction digestion of PCR products was done using Fast Digest. (Figure 1).                                                                                         Results Serum hepcidin levels higher in patients with anemia of chronic kidney disease compared with healthy controls mean. The polymorphisms of the hepcidin gene promoter in Sudanese patients with ACKD showed that the hepcidin HAMP AA genotype 70, AG 23, and GG 7 in 100 patients dialysis-dependent and AA 83, AG 17 and GG 0, and the allele A are more frequent in patients affected by ACKD. Significant statistical association observed between the hepcidin level and end-stage kidney disease. Conclusion This study evaluates for the first time the association between anemia of chronic kidney disease and hepcidin genes promoter polymorphisms and show that the hepcidin HAMP AA genotype and the allele A are more frequent in patients affected by ACKD, further investigation is needed, our data support the hypothesis and hepcidin HAMP are important in the pathophysiology of ACKD.

Global Health Involvement in Thyroid Cancer Incidence Increase

In recent decades was observed a gradual increase in the detection of thyroid nodules in the adult population. Given the increase in prevalence of nodules, a similar trend to the growth in the incidence of thyroid cancers was found. The reasons for this increased incidence for thyroid cancer are controversial. Increased incidence is caused by an improvement in diagnostic techniques or does not result from an overdiagnosis, but represents a real increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer? Whatever the reality, the fact of an increased incidence of thyroid cancer for certain involves problems to global health which in any case must be evaluated and corrected.  

Mental Health in The Context of The COVID 19 Pandemic

We explore the global evidence of major health crisis potential impacts and the factors influencing the mental health outcomes among the population during the outbreak of COVID-19. Preparation measures for a COVID-19 focus on rapid quarantine of social isolation and economic concerns have risen metal health considerations that become an integrated part of the pandemic outbreak. This outbreak of novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is swayed an overall 213 countries, areas or territories, with over 2,921,439 confirmed cases and 203,289 confirmed deaths reported till 26 April 2020. This created a lot of strain and fear; fear of falling ill and dying of being infected leading to heightened levels of insurmountable psychological pressure. This scrutiny attempt to assess the widespread outbreaks of COVID-19 on mental health professionals, healthcare workers and general population in association with adverse mental health sequelae like generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), depressive symptoms, insomnia, panic attacks, post-traumatic stress disorder, OCD, suicidal behavior, delirium, psychosis, harmful alcohol consumption, and drug use. There is a need for more evocative exploration to intensify awareness to address the potential psychological and behavioral risks that will remain elevated as long as the COVID-19 pandemic continues in the community. In conclusion, incessant surveillance of the subsyndromal mental health problems for outbreaks should be part of galvanized global action during the quarantine.  

Proposed Spray System for Family Agriculture with A Remote-Controlled UAV (Small Drone or Helicopter) and An Economical Sprinkler

In the country, food production is more compromised every day, despite zero efforts and government, agricultural and livestock sector, causing poverty, migration, marginalization among other social disorders in addition to food insecurity. In Mexico 34% of the population is engaged in agricultural tasks, with very small land areas. The fact that 85% of do not have more than 5 ha of arable land, and that among them, 90% do not reach 3 ha clearly indicates their great need for light machinery .The solution to these problems family farmers are provided with affordable technologies to increase their productivity. One of the most common problems in agriculture is the application of agrochemicals, which is tedious and dangerous when farmers are exposed to these highly toxic products, therefore a system is proposed is through the help of a drone or remote control helicopter, both of economic type connected by a hose to the sprinkler and a tank. Due to the danger of applying agrochemicals for family farmers who rarely follow the precautions to apply these products, the proposed alternative is attractive for small agricultural properties, although it is not free of cost, the drone and the optimal sprayer should be investigated.  

RETRACTED: Monte Carlo Approach To Genotype By Environment Interaction Models

This article has been retracted on 10 February 2021. VIEW THE RETRACTION NOTICE (https://doi.org/10.14302/issn.2643-2811.jmbr-25-5847) Understanding the implication of Genotype-by-Environment (GXE) interaction structure is an important consideration in plant breeding programs. Traditional statistical analyses of yield trials provide little or no insight into the particular pattern or structure of the GXE interaction. In this study, efforts were made to solve these problems under different level of data occurrence. We employed the simulation process of Monte Carlo in generating since use of a real-life data may pose a serious difficulty. In this paper, we simulated for two data Types of Balance and Unbalance designs with different Levels of generations (3X3, 7X7, 10X10, and 3X7, 7X3, 7X10, 10X7 , , respectively). We therefore check the performance of GXE interaction on four different models (AMMI, FW, GGE and Mixed model), and also their stability and adaptability. The findings revealed that, when the assumption was maintained, AMMI outperformed Finlay-Wilkinson model, GGE Biplot model and Mixed model.

Evaluation of the Relationship Between Advanced Oxidation end Products and Inflammatory Markers in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients

Introduction Increased oxidative stress and blunted anti-oxidant mechanisms are important problems in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act directly on proteins, leading to the formation of oxidized amino acids. Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) are among these substances. Many oxidant substances increase the level of AOPP. Iron is an element with strong oxidant capacity, especially when used intravenously. It is thought that iron treatment further increases the oxidative stress in HD patients. We aimed to investigate the relationship between AOPP and inflammatory status in HD patients. Materials and Methods Patients who were on maintenance HD program without additional co-morbidities and no history of use of intravenous iron within the last two weeks were recruited in the study. The blood samples taken just before the dialysis session were analyzed for AOPP, serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), ß2-microglobulin, fibrinogen, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α levels besides routine biochemical measurements and complete blood count. Results The number of patients included in the study was 102 (n: 53 female, %52.0) and the mean age was 47.6±13.9 years. The mean transferrin saturation was 25.4%. AOPP levels, iron use in patients was higher compared to patients who do not use (respectively 2.58±0.19 mmol/l and 2.50 ±0.16mmol/l, p = 0.046). We did not detect statistically significant correlation of AOPP levels with iron parameters and other inflammatory markers. Conclusion The present study showed that intravenous iron therapy does not increase oxidative stress. Although serum AOPP level was higher in patients on intravenous iron treatment, it was not correlated with iron indices and inflammatory markers. So, intravenous iron may exert its oxidant effect free from serum iron indices.

Climate Change-Land Degradation-Food Security Nexus: Addressing India’s Challenge

Monsoon rains provide relief from the sweltering summer heat conditions, replenish depleted profile moisture to breathe new life in soils. With appropriate management of rain water, Indian summer monsoons boost the level of ‘reservoir of life’. Our inability to manage spatial and temporal rainfall variation features of deficit and excess rainfall episodes and their interactions with soil variability is a major cause of uncertainty in agricultural production. In the past, entire focus of national efforts was on rainwater harvesting, storage and distribution through canal networks and greater reliance on ground water pumping to meet immediate crop water demands. These approaches have resulted in wide spread problems of natural resource fatigue and unsustainable water supplies. This paper analyses the complexities of climate change-land degradation-food security nexus and suggests the need for adopting alternate approaches emphasising on in situ conservation of rain water and its efficient use such as to reverse the processes that contribute to land degradation in specific landscapes.

Conservation, Creation, and Evolution: Revising the Darwinian Project

There is hardly anything more central to our universe than conservation. Many scientific fields and disciplines view the law of conservation as one of the most fundamental universal laws. The Darwinian model pivots the process of evolution on variability, reproduction, and natural selection. Conservation plays a marginal role in this model and is not really universal, as the model allows exceptions to conservation, i.e. non-conservation, to play an equally important role in evolution. This anomalous role of conservation in the Darwinian model raises questions: What is the reason for this anomaly? Is conservation really universal, as we tend to believe or is it not, as the Darwinian model suggests? This contribution proposes a new model of evolution that focuses on levels of organization, rather than of species, organisms, or populations. It argues that conservation is central to evolution. Not only does this new model restores the universal status of conservation but it also makes possible to resolve some outstanding problems and controversies that continue to plague the Darwinian model. The article tries to advance the broad Darwinian project that seeks to explain the process of evolution as a product of the spontaneous processes in nature.

A Meningeal Syndrome Revealing A Tetanus in A Togolese: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Although it is a vaccine-preventable disease, tetanus is frequently found in sub-Saharan Africa. Because of its rarity, this disease poses two problems for doctors of the 21st century: to make early diagnosis in order to refer patients to appropriate care structures, and to continue to ensure correct prevention of an affection that few current doctors have met. In it generalized form, the diagnosis of tetanus is easy, but when the beginning is localized, tetanus can be change with other diseases leading to a diagnostic wandering and a delay of adequate management. We report a case of tetanus in an 18-year-old male, who was received for neck pain and stiffness of the neck with a positive Kernig sign associated to fever since 48 hours. Initially treated for meningitis, the patient will develop at day 3 of hospitalization, the signs of generalized tetanus which led to evoked the diagnosis of tetanus. This diagnosis was reinforced by the notion of a rusty nail injury to the soles of the right foot 3 weeks before hospitalization and the absence of anti-tetanus vaccination. After using tetanus serum and vaccination with antibiotics (Metronidazole and Penicillin) and Diazepam in association with stripping of the wound under the foot, the patient was improved. This case illustrates that any neurological sign with the first trismus must evoke until proof of the contrary, a tetanus especially in case of association with a wound even if the immunization schedule is up to date.

Parent-adolescent Communication on Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters and Associated Factors among Secondary and Preparatory School Students in Robe Town, Bale zone, Southeast Ethiopia, 2017

Background Adolescents is the transition from childhood to adulthood .Which is a time of opportunity, but also one of risk. In Ethiopia, sexual and reproductive health problems of adolescents are increasing from time to time related to many parents not feeling happy to discuss sexual matters in addition to early sexual commencement among adolescents. Objective This study was intended to assess parent-adolescent communication on sexual and reproductive health matters and associated factors among secondary and preparatory school students in Robe Town, Bale Zone, South East Ethiopia, 2017. Methods Institution based cross sectional study was conducted among 394 secondary and preparatory school students in Robe town from April 10-25, 2017. Simple random sampling technique was used. Data was obtained through the use of a self administered questionnaire and supplemented by focus group discussion with parents. Data was entered using Epi Data 3.1 and analyzed by SPSS 20. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were done. Data quality was assured through careful questionnaire design, pretest and training. Results One hundred eighty six (47%) of the study participants had discussed at least two SRH issues with their parents. Grade eleven students were about nearly five times more likely discussed on sexual and reproductive matters with their parent compared with grade nine students (AOR: 4.88, 95% CI: 1.76, 13.54). Those living with relatives were 3.13 times less likely discussed as compared to those students are living with both parents (AOR: 0.32, 95%CI: (0.12, 0.80) and the odds of discussion on SRH matters is 2 times higher among females compared with their counterpart (AOR=2.02, 95% CI: 1.25, 3.26). Conclusions Communication on sexual and reproductive health matters between adolescent and parent was low. Majority of student preferred to discuss with their peers than parent. Being ashamed, parents lack of communication skill and parent knowledge on SRH issues were the major reasons mentioned by the students for not discussing about SRH matters with their parents. Therefore; comprehensive family life education needs to be initiated for the students and parents. Sexual information exchange between peers needs to be strengthened.

Record of Aggregation of Alien Tropical Schyphozoan Rhopilema nomadica Galil, 1990 in the Mediterranean Coast of Egypt

Recently, annual swarm of invasive Erythrean schyphozoan RhopilemanomadicaGalil, 1990 appeared along Egyptian Mediterranean coasts causing beach closures and fishing problems. The present study conducted survey and field monitoring on R. nomadica during blooming season in the Egyptian Mediterranean coast throughout three consecutive years (2015-2017). Three main features of R. nomadica bloom were addressed; viz starting date, duration and maximum density of aggregation. In 2015, the bloom started on 28 July, and over the following two years the bloom starting date shifted earlier being 19 July in 2016 and 15 June in 2017. The duration of the bloom varied yearly giving the longest duration in 2017 when the bloom continued in high density for a month. The highest density of R. nomadica was about 896 medusae/1000 m3 in 2017. The medusae diameter ranged between 21 to 112 cm. The average bell diameter for each year displayed gradual increasing values over the years. The consistent annual R. nomadica blooming was attributed to the high level of eutrophication and ecosystem degradation occurred along the Mediterranean coast since last decades. The shifting in the annual bloom starting date and duration may reflect the adaptation of R. nomadica to the climate change effect on the Mediterranean Sea temperature.

Design Support to steer Creative Wicked Problem Solving Processes with Knowledge Management and Artificial Intelligence

As the complexity of building tasks and requirements increases, designers often find themselves confronted with interdisciplinary problems that go beyond the specific challenges and methods of architecture. The iterative nature of the design process results in a continuous exchange between creative, analytical and evaluative activities, through which the designer explores and identifies promising design variants. The ability to compare and evaluate relevant reference examples of already built or designed buildings helps designers to assess their own design and informs the design process.

Ontogenes and the Problem of Speciation

The existing hypotheses on speciation rely on Mendelian genes and mutations in them. However, genome-wide sequencing demonstrates that the Mendelian genes account less than one-tenth of the entire genome DNA. This means that a greater part of the genome has not yet been subject to large-scale evolutionary consideration. This paper deals with the conditional mutations in drosophila, which are mutations of the genes belonging to a special category (ontogenes) controlling the program of individual development. The ontogenes presumably reside in the DNA of intergenic spaces and introns. Conditional mutations display a number of properties absent in the mutations of Mendelian genes. These specific properties allow three key problems in speciation to be solved: (1) the possibility of emergence of new traits as a result of sequential mutagenesis; (2) selection of mutants; and (3) establishment of isolation. We have shown that (1) the mutations in ontogenes are able to form new multigenic regulatory blocks that escape selection during their creation; (2) mutations in ontogenes allow for existence of constantly acting zygotic selection, which is by no means less important for speciation than Darwinian selection; and (3) owing to their conditionally lethal effect, the mutations in ontogenes are able to create biological isolation barrier. This gives the grounds for assuming that the emergence of mutations in ontogenes is a necessary condition for speciation.

Neurobiological Differences Between Aggression and Agitation in Persons with Dementia

Background Controversy exists about definition of agitation and especially about inclusion of aggression as a part of agitation in people with dementia. Methods Papers describing neurobiological indices related to behavioral symptoms of dementia were reviewed. Papers comparing indices in persons exhibiting aggression and persons exhibiting agitation were selected for this review. Results The survey found seven papers which compared neuroanatomical indices and three papers which compared neurochemical indices. The neuroanatomical indices differentiating agitation and aggression included changes in brain perfusion, sizes of brain areas, distribution of neurofibrillary tangles, and white matter changes. The neurochemical indices differentiating agitation and aggression included relationships with neurotransmitter variables and the cell count in the locus coeruleus. Conclusion Despite the small number of papers and some methodological problems, the presented information clearly indicates that aggression and agitation are two distinct unrelated syndromes in persons with dementia.

Environmental and Health Risk Assessment of Particulate Matter Associated with Dusty Football Field

Over the decades there have been problems associated with Particulate Matter (PM) arising from anthropogenic activities. Evaluation and health risk assessment of PM associated with football field was carried out in 5 sampling locations, including the control station. Digital portable AEROCET 513 (Metone instrument) PM meter was used for the evaluation Results showed levels of PM for; PM1.0(13.73 – 20.18 µg/m3), PM2.5 (19.11 – 28.83 µg/m3), PM4.0 (24.73 – 44.63 µg/m3), PM7.0 (41.07 – 67.04 µg/m3), and PM10 ranging from 65.48 – 90.82 µg/m3. In addition, value of the control station was lowest amongst all recorded values of PM (p<0.05). Based on Air Quality Index evaluation, the football fields were predominantly rated as unhealthy, with other cases rates as; hazardous and unsafe for sensitive group. This investigation therefore concludes that the emission of PM from the football field are reflection of vehicular emissions and agitated dust particles. Hence mitigable measure must be applied without much ado, in order to ameliorate the daily chronic exposure to PM.

Insight into Management Issues modeling for Perfect Business Simulation

In this paper, I try to focus on widely growing field of Management Science; and that, “Modeling of Management Issues “. Now days Business Simulation techniques are used to earn more profit from Business and this is only issues control future course of actions properly. By using models we can predict & control future course of action & situation. Modeling is not a new subject. It’s oldest technique, but widely used in Physical Sciences, like Chemistry, Physics, Electronics, Engineering field, But it’s again become vital after some time in Life Sciences, like Botany, Zoology, Bio-Chemistry, Bio-Tech and Medical field problem modeling and now in current world it’s also become very vital in Information Technology and Management subjects. Here one question is always arise, why such a modeling is needed, and where and when needed, and answer of this simple question is, considering some simple problems like ‘ to find out the width of a river (But your are not allowed to cross it), find out the temperature (but you are not allowed to use thermometer), means try to find out any Quantity or parameter/variable without existence or entity of that, and if virtual situation satisfied by using modeling technique, we implement that virtual model for actual situation. In last I want to conclude modeling is the heart of any branch of Education, weather its science, Arts, Commerce, Medical, Information Technology, Engineering or Management and in summaries form I want to say this paper is nothing but one of the theoretical model, which is for modeling of Management issues for perfect Business Simulation.

Robust Sampling of Defective Pathways in Parkinson Disease

Discrimination of case-control status based on gene expression differences has potential to identify novel pathways relevant to neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease (PD). In this paper we applied two different novel algorithms to predict dysregulated pathways of gene expression across several different regions of the brain in PD and controls. The Fisher’s ratio sampler uses the Fisher’s ratio of the most discriminatory genes as prior probability distribution to sample the genetic networks and their likelihood (accuracy) was established via Leave-One-Out-Cross Validation (LOOCV). The holdout sampler finds the minimum-scale signatures corresponding to different random holdouts, establishing their likelihood using the validation dataset in each holdout. Phenotype prediction problems have by genesis a very high underdetermined character. We used both approaches to sample different lists of genes that optimally discriminate PD from controls and subsequently used gene ontology to identify pathways affected by disease. Both algorithms identified common pathways of Insulin signaling, FOXA1 Transcription Factor Network, HIF-1 Signaling, p53 Signaling and Chromatin Regulation/Acetylation. This analysis provides new therapeutic targets to treat PD.

Analysis of Clinical Prognostic Variables for Triple Negative Breast Cancer Histological Grading and Lymph Node Metastasis

Background: Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is a type of breast cancer with very bad prognosis. Predicting the histological grade (HG) and the lymph nodes metastasis is crucial for developing more suitable treatment strategies. Methods: We present the main clinical and pathological variables to predict the histological grade and lymph nodes metastasis via novel machine learning techniques. These variables are currently being used for prognosis and treatment in medical practice. This analysis was performed using a database of 102 Caucasian women diagnosed with TNBC. The results were cross-validated using random simulations of this dataset. Results: HG was predicted with an accuracy of 93.8% using a list of 6 prognostic variables with significant implications: Ki67 expression, use of Oral contraceptives, Col11A1 expression, Col11A1 score, E-cad truncated and Tumor size. The lymph nodes metastasis was predicted with an accuracy of almost 85% using only 6 prognostic variables: Vascular invasion, Tumor size, Perineural invasion, Age at diagnosis, Ki67 expression, and Col11A1 score. This analysis also served to establish the median signatures of the groups with and without lymph node metastasis, and proved the existence of a kind of small-size tumors (around 2.15 cm) with lymph node metastasis but not showing vascular and perineural invasions and higher protein Col11A1 score. Besides, these signatures proved to be very stable. Conclusions: The additional information conveyed by the prognostic variables found in these two classification problems provides new insight about the genesis and progression of this disease and can be used in medical practice to improve decisions in patient diagnosis and further treatment.

Dose Body Mass Index (BMI) Fit to Muscular Individual?

Body mass index (BMI) seemingly is an important scale for the body types determination in individual with different ethnicity. Accordingly, individual with BMI< 18.5 are classified as slim or underweight and people with BMI between 18.5 -24.9 are called normal body types. Subsequently, those individual with BMI between 25-29.9 are categorized as overweight and people with BMI > 30 are classified as obese people. Nonetheless, important question is where the muscular individual are located in this BMI scale ? Macular induvial also called overweight or obese in BMI scale which can create kind of confusion for induvial because the might try to lose weight whilst they do not actually need it. Thus ,it seems BMI measure is not sensible measure for muscular induvial as otherwise the can be at risk of health problems in various ways. Uses of the another apparatus such an ordinary weight scale or computational devices which could estimate the body type according to the BMI more accurately can be helpful.

5S Dashboard Design Principles for Self-Service Business Intelligence Tool Users

Non–information technology (IT) professionals and nonexpert casual users are increasingly adopting self-service business intelligence (SSBI) tools (such as Tableau, Qlik, and Power BI) to create data visualization dashboards. This study identified the most relevant dashboard design principles for SSBI tool users. The research approach included organizing a focus group in which most of the participants were non-IT professionals in health care, extracting recommended principles from the literature, applying these recommended principles by using data on quality of diabetes care to design relevant dashboards, and proposing the following 5S dashboard design principle framework: 1) seeing both the forest and trees, 2) simplicity through self-selection, 3) simplicity through significance, 4) simplicity through synthesis, and 5) storytelling. The third and fourth principles are novel and provide solutions to decision-making problems (such as conflicting results from excessive and discordant indicators) encountered by health care professional in the public sector as well as in other domains. The 5S dashboard design principles are easily memorized and practical and thus enable non-IT professionals and nonexpert casual users to design insightful dashboards efficiently by using SSBI tools.  

The Effect of Long - Term Computer Use on Health- Related Physiological Perspectives

Overusing the computer and internet can yield several health problems. The enhanced use of computer on can impact on both physiological and psychiatric health factors. It is accompanies with bad posture, musculoskeletal pains, obesity, weaker eyesight and mental illness. Health hazard of computer use life demands serious concern. Performing regular exercise largely can prevent or reduce the aforementioned issues that can be expected from computer and internet overuses. Physical activity such as 15 or 30 minutes walking for any break and reducing of the spending time to work with this kind of technology can account for as a helpful strategy toward living in more ideal manners.

Need of Nutraceuticals / Functional Food Products for Health Benefits to World-Wide People

Improved economic and developed people with their lifestyle have created many challenges of health issues (obesity, osteoporosis, cancer, diabetes, allergies and dental problems), due to selection of different food habits (such as consumption of manifold junk foods). It has created number of health problem (development of many diseases) related to nutritional deficiencies food. Nowadays, people have developed the habit for shifting of synthetic food ingredients to organic foods and ingredients, obtained from natural sources. In this regards, nutraceuticals food or its food products can perform important role in controlling the diseases via fulfilling all the health benefits to many people at worldwide. Incredible dietary supplements as nutraceuticals food (involvement in nutritional, immunologic and physiological functions) can help in prevention or treatment of many diseases (mitigating of gastrointestinal (GI) tract problem), as it is synthesized from raw herbals and lots of rapidly growing industries are reported to synthesize these natural products. And around 100 million people are found to take these products (power of plant based materials) for getting health benefits. It can work as drugs as health benefit of nutraceuticals via regulation/ control for diseases. Global nutraceuticals market had been valued for US$ 165.62 billion in 2014 and it would be grow the value of US$ 278.96 billion by 2021 with compound annual growth rate of 7.3%. This proposed paper will discuss the different types of nutraceuticals food or its functional components involved in prevention or treatment of diseases.

Assessment of Biofield Energy Healing Based Vitamin D3 Effects on Bone Health Parameters Using Human Osteoblast Cell Line (MG-63)

Poor bone health is the primary health issue, which leads to significant health problems, stress and worsening the patients' quality of life. The potential of The Trivedi Effect®- Biofield Energy Healing on vitamin D3 as a test item (TI) and DMEM on MG-63 cells was investigated. The test items were treated with The Trivedi Effect® by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi and divided as Biofield Energy Treated (BT) and untreated (UT) test items. An increase in ALP activity, collagen levels, and bone mineralization was considered as the biomarker for bone health. MTT data showed that the test samples observed nontoxic in the tested concentrations. The level of ALP was significantly increased by 832.9% and 209.4% in the UT-DMEM+BT-TI and BT-DMEM+UT-TI groups, respectively at 10 µg/mL, while 222.9% increase in the BT-DMEM+BT-TI at 1 µg/mL compared to the untreated group. Collagen was significantly increased by 487.7% and 544.5% in the BT-DMEM+UT-TI and BT-DMEM+BT-TI groups, respectively at 100 µg/mL, while 116.2% at 1 µg/mL in UT-DMEM+BT-TI compared to the untreated group. Moreover, the percent of bone mineralization was significantly increased in the UT-DMEM+BT-TI and BT-DMEM+UT-TI groups by 344.9% and 149.7%, respectively at 50 µg/mL, while 183.6% in the BT-DMEM+BT-TI group at 100 µg/mL compared to the untreated group. Thus, the role of Biofield Energy Treated vitamin D3 and DMEM in order to control osteoblast function and its direct effects on bone mineralization can be used to improve bone disorders.

Space of Cross-Disciplinary Researches of Life, Nature and Society

Journal of Biosemiotic Research is a new periodical devoted to a young, actively developing science. A review of recent scientific publications shows that in the broad scientific space of biosemiotics contemporary questions and "eternal themes" interact, not finding an answer in the private sciences - anthropology, semiotics of culture and philosophy1,2. To solve them, the fundamental foundations of science and new achievements, the opportunities of the latest technologies and scientific communications are attracted. Like all young sciences, biosemiotics has many definitions. We give here the most famous ones. "Biosemiotics: (bios, life + semion = sign) is an interdisciplinary field of theoretical and empirical research, analyzing communication and signification in living systems. Signed processes, ranging from molecular to ecological and evolutionary, have been studied throughout the history of biology; however, very often descriptions of information and communication aspects of living systems were considered only metaphorical, believing that the essence of them can be understood with the help of physical and chemical descriptions. In biosemiotics, on the other hand, information sign processes are considered as the primordial, basic system of phenomena of life, requiring a new understanding..."3. "Biosemiotics explores sign systems of various levels: molecular biological (genetic code), intracellular (signal peptides), intercellular (mediators, immune interactions), intraorganism (hormones, conditioned reflex reactions) and interorganism (telergons, pheromones, attractants) ... In addition, biosemiotics covers all the problems associated with the problem of the existence of language and thinking in animals." However, today we can go further and add to the analysis the next stage of evolution, standing between animals and modern human (Homo sapiens sapiens).

Dream theory from the perspective of Islam

Background and Objective: Sleep as a sign of the God wisdom and power, is the agent of stability and tranquility. Sleep has a spiritual dimension. Sincere dreams are the continuation of prophecy and guidance of the God. This study aimed to explain the dream theory from the perspective of Islam. Materials and Methods: This evolutionary study has focused on these questions: “what is the process of dreaming in Islam? Can people control their dreams”? Islamic evidences were taken from the verses and narrations related to the words “soul, sleep, dream and death”, using al-Mu’ayyim, authentic Shi’a commentary books, Bihar al-Anwar, Kofi principles, the Book of Resurrection and life after death. The religious and scientific evidences were analyzed based on the Walker and Event content analysis method. Dream theory was extracted from religious evidence. Results: Based on "revelation epistemology" during sleep, the ‘template of a higher universe’ travels to the unseen world and divine guidance can be provided. People with spiritual health) (owners of the Sound heart) can control the type of their dream, and solve problems by the guidance of God. In the perspective of Islam, there are three types of dreams: sometimes is divine guidance and glory from God, sometimes is sorrow from the devil, and sometimes are conflicts of daily living or past events. Conclusion: Regarding the spiritual aspect of sleep and its deep impact on physical and mental health, it is essential for medical staff to become familiar with dream theory from the perspective of Islam. They should explain to patients and family members the importance and impact of sleep on the acceleration of tissue repair and the treatment of anxiety and depression. To those who are willing to enjoy the divine guidance through the dream, they can teach the Islamic method of dream control.

Investigation and Analysis on Mental Health State of Breast Cancer Patients in China

Purpose: There are nearly 170,000 new cases of breast cancer in China every year, and this number is showing an increasing trend. Mental health plays an important role in promoting the physical rehabilitation of patients. Therefore, attention paid to their psychological problems needs to be reinforced. The current study aims to investigate the mental health states of the breast cancer patients and provides the references for their psychosomatic rehabilitation in the future work. Methods: A total of 643 breast cancer patients completed the whole study. A questionnaire survey on anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and posttraumatic growth (PTG) was conducted in Jiangsu Women and Children Health Hospital. Results: 13.53% breast cancer patients had anxiety; 21.5% had depression; the prevalence of PTSD was 7.15%, while the prevalence of PTG was 26.12%; Anxiety levels in older patients were significantly lower than those in the other two groups; PTG levels in older patients were significantly lower than those in the other two groups. Conclusion: Breast cancer patients have certain emotional distress and stress symptoms, but they also experience psychologically positive changes. And age shows various differences on anxiety and PTG. Clinical medical personnel should pay attention to the patient's psychological rehabilitation when concerning about the physical rehabilitation of patients. Patients in different ages have different mental health problems, thus the medical staff shall provide differential nursing plans for them.

The Study on Dual Fuel Spray and Characteristics of Combustion of Diesel, Natural Gas and Dual Fuel

Combustion of fossil fuels provides around 88% of total energy supply for modern society, and meanwhile causes many environ mental problems and social problems such as air pollution and energy crisis. Therefore，both at home and abroad are focusing on the research and development of natural gas engine recently. However, the mass production and application of this kind of engine are restricted by some unsolved technical difficulties. This paper explored the injection, combustion and emission processes of diesel/ natural gas and dual fuel engine based on Chemkin II, Fire software and Schlieren method. The experimental study on the mixing process of dual fuel jet was carried out by using high-speed Schlieren method in a constant volume bomb. Based on the Fire software, and then applied to Chemkin II software to analyze the effect of the initial temperature and pressure on the net heat production and combustion emissions. The results show that Dual fuel mechanism is capable of producing different heat production behaviors when varying the initial pressure and temperature CO2 emissions are minimized by changing the initial pressure above or below the atmospheric value. However, CO emissions are peaked when diesel fuel is used. The dual fuel engine minimizes the CO emissions amount caused by diesel fuel. Increasing the initial pressure eliminates dual fuel CO2 combustion emissions. The research of this paper is important to optimize the in cylinder combustion processes of natural gas engine, and have a certain important meaning to guide the development of diesel ignition dual fuel engine.

The Effect of Laser Irradiation on Reparative Osteogenesis

Introduction: The use of non-medicinal facilities for correcting processes in various pathological conditions is one of the most urgent problems of modern medicine. Purpose of the Work: To study the effect of low-intensity infrared laser radiation on reparative bone formation and angiogenesis in bone regeneration which is formed in treatment of fractures under conditions of transosseous osteosynthesis. Material and Methods: A tibia fracture was modeled experimentally in rats in the control and experimental groups. Reposition and fixation of fragments were performed. The fracture zone in the experimental group animals was exposed to the impact of pulsed infrared laser irradiation of low intensity. Animals from the control group underwent the impact simulation. The operated bones were investigated using the methods of X-ray, light and electron microscopy, X-ray electron probe microanalysis. Results: It was established that laser radiation exposure sessions activated fibrillogenesis and angiogenesis, accelerated compacting of newly formed bone tissue and increased its maturity while primary fracture healing occurred. Prolonged capillary dilatation and endothelium-dependent vasodilation, intensive capillarogenesis were noted after sessions of laser therapy in bone regeneration. Endothelial outgrowth was formed in the lumen of the vessels forming capillary buds that propagate along the “mother” vessels (endovascular capillarogenesis). Conclusion: The data obtained revealed a possible mechanism of laser radiation exposure at the level of a whole organism and proved the effectiveness of its application in clinical practice at the early stages of patient rehabilitation under conditions of transosseous osteosynthesis.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Individuals with Down Syndrome: A Meta-Analytic Literature Review

Objective: Individuals diagnosed with Down syndrome (DS) are predisposed to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of OSA and factors associated with OSA in this population. Study Design: Systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Methods: Studies of DS and OSA in the English language through May 2017 were reviewed. Since parental report of symptoms has limited validity related to the diagnosis of OSA, only studies using in laboratory polysomnography to diagnose OSA were included. Results: Twenty three studies examining OSA among 1,469 people with DS were found. Among ten studies using community referred samples, 71.5% of people with DS had OSA, compared to 69.6% in referred community samples suspected of having respiratory events. There was an inverse relationship between apnea hypopnea index (AHI) cutoffs and OSA prevalence as higher cutoffs were associated with somewhat lower prevalence. Examining age groups, adults had a higher prevalence of OSA (90.0%) compared to infants (66.5%) and children between 2-21 years of age (69.9%). Oxygen desaturation and gender did not affect prevalence. Although surgery had less effect on successfully treating OSA among DS individuals compared to those without DS in prior studies, lingual tonsillectomy had the greatest effect (mean AHI decrease of 9.0). Conclusion: OSA appears to occur frequently in children and adults with DS. Untreated, OSA may contribute to health problems and premature death, highlighting the potential importance of identifying OSA among people with DS. Even after traditional surgeries (i.e., adenotonsillectomy, tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy), repeating PSG is highly recommended as residual OSA can persist

Analyzing Students’ Opinions about their Learning Environments and Study Approaches with Bayesian Modeling

Our own long term experiences as clinical teachers among undergraduate medical students have generated the interest to investigate the plausible connection between students’ study orientation and their learning experiences in small groups.The objective of the study was to assess the hypothesis whether learning in small groups may contribute to study motivation. Participants were 52 undergraduate medical students (10-12 in each group) in the primary health care course between 1st and 5th year during the spring term 2012. The questionnaires used were the Inventory of General studies (IGSO) for study orientation and IQ questionnaire for group learning. The data were analyzed by Bayesian network modeling. In this study, the application used was the Bayminer (www.BayMiner.com) non-linear visualization modeling software. Positive atmosphere in a small group increases study motivation and commitment and predicts mutual trust and gives space to new ideas, where contradictive views can raise interesting discussions. Based on Bayesian modeling it seems that the experience of motivational problems in the present studies may be an indicator of study alienation and connected with the perception of small group dysfunctionality.

Supporting Quality Data Systems:  Lessons Learned from Early Implementation of Routine Viral Load Monitoring at a Large Clinic in Lilongwe, Malawi

Successful viral load programs rely on the presence of data systems and high quality of patient data. Using a cohort of 49 patients at Partners in Hope, a large, urban HIV clinic in Malawi, we performed a quality improvement assessment of a new viral load program with a focus on accuracy of data collected from patients as well as adherence to Malawi HIV Guidelines in regard to response to elevated viral loads (≥1,000 copies/mL). Data were obtained from three parallel medical record systems to investigate the proportion of patients with a repeat viral load and whether the three data systems agreed in regard to sociodemographic and clinical data. Fewer than 30% of patients had a repeat viral load within six months, as recommended in the Malawi HIV Guidelines. There were significant problems with data agreement across the three parallel databases used for care.  Date of birth was consistent for 55.1% (N=27) of patients, while a different date of birth was noted in all three sources for 10.2% of patients (N=5). Viral load data from all three sources agreed for only 2.0% of patients (N=1).  For 65.3% (N=32), the viral load from the laboratory did not match the recorded viral load in the electronic or paper record. Scale-up of viral load monitoring must be accompanied by the development of data systems that support workflow from sample collection to lab and back to provider. Education of providers and strategies for data collection with minimal errors can facilitate scale-up of high quality programs.

Social Work in Psychosocial Crises: Analysis of a Voluntary Psychosocial Counseling Program to Close a Supply Gap in Psychosocial Therapy

Background: People suffering from acute psychosocial crises often require immediate help. To supplement existing institutions and services, a counseling program (“Hel.p”) was founded; this study evaluates that program following a two-year trial period. Methods: The program offered anonymous, free-of-charge appointments to the public conducted by consultants holding, at minimum, a bachelor’s degree in social work. Supervised by a judge and a psychologist, client-centered counseling sessions were conducted each week. Results: Thirty-five counselors counseled 70 people. The clients were 37.6 +/- 18.4 years old and mostly female (67.1%). The counseling topics included health and diseases (16.1%) and general family problems (11.3%). The majority of the sessions (63.5%) took place during acute psychosocial crises. Conclusions: “Hel.p” functions as a supplement to established outreach clinics for people with acute psychosocial crises. It bridges the gap between individuals’ acute psychosocial problems and the delayed psychiatric/psychotherapeutic treatment caused by resource restrictions in the health care system.

Advances in Sexual and Reproductive Rights of Adolescents in Brazil

The paper presents the incorporation of sexual and reproductive rights in the legislation of Brazil, considering the influence of the discussions that involved the United Nations conferences of Cairo and Beijing. Are described and analyzed the Federal Constitution and federal laws, as the Criminal Code and the Code of Child and Adolescent, besides other legal norms of Brazilian executive power bodies, like the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, particularly in the areas of health and citizenship. This process allowed the introduction of new health and education practices in public institutions, offered to the entire population -primarily benefiting women and teenage girls and, then, integrating people in situation of sexual diversity -although there are still problems, such as the occurrence of pregnancies and abortions in adolescence and the underreporting of sexual and gender violence. It is concluded that Brazil has incorporated into its laws the precepts of the sexual and reproductive rights more easily due to the proper moment, which coincided with the creation of new legal instruments and the organization of the national state. Nevertheless, it is still necessary translating these legal advances into practical advances in the public policies and policies focused on people’s needs.

Outcome in Patients with Spontaneous Primary Intracranial Hemorrhage who underwent Craniotomy Affiliation

Background: Spontaneous primary intracranial hemorrhage or known as intracerebral hypertensive hemorrhage consist of 15 to 20% of all stroke, is one of the major health problems among healthy and productive workforce in any countries. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in a dedicated Neurosurgical Centre at the Hospital Sungai Buloh, Malaysia. The study was conducted for admission within a year period, in the year 2013 with 6 months follow-up. A total of 35 patients were studied. Results: The mean age was 52.8 years old (31-77 years old). A total of 29 patients (82.9%) were presented with basal ganglia hemorrhage, 4 with cerebral lobar hemorrhage (11.4%) and 2 with cerebellar hemorrhage (5.7%). The surgical mortality rate was 40%. For the 6 months follow-up, 31.4% patients improved to Glasgow Outcome score (GOS) of 4, while 22.9% and 5.7% patients improved to only GOS of 3 and 2 respectively. There were several factors identified in the study to be important predictors of survival. There were statistically significance of higher mortality rate among patients with pre-operative GCS of 5 and below (p=0.015), pre-operative CT scan brain showing acute hydrocephalus (p=0.046) and residual post-operative hematoma above 5% of pre-operative clots volume (p=0.006). Other factors such as age, sex, size of pre-operative hematomas, presence of intraventricular hemorrhage, underlying medical illness were not statistically significant in predicting the surgical outcome of those patients. Conclusions: Outcome predictors such as pre-operative GCS and CT scan brain findings helps treating neurosurgeons to determine the prognosis of patients presented with spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage.

Diet and Nutritional Status of the Older Adults in Rural India

Objectives: World has witnessed a considerable increase in the proportion of elderly population.Aging is associated with decreased physical activity and metabolism and thereby the changes in the nutritional requirements of older adults.The objective of this communication was to assess the nutritional status of rural elderly population in India. Methodology: A community based cross-sectional study; adopting multistage stratified random sampling procedure was carried out by the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB), during 2005-06 among the rural population of nine major states of India. A total of 3871 older adults were covered for anthropometry and of them, a total of 2138 older adults were covered for dietary assessment. Key Results: In general, the consumption of all the foods was below recommended daily intakes (RDI), and the in-adequacy (<70% of RDI) of intake was high with respect to leafy vegetables, milk & milk products, fats & oils and sugar & jaggery. Similarly, the in-adequacy of intakes of micronutrients such as vitamin A, iron, riboflavin and free folic acid was high among both genders. The poor intake of diet was reflected in high prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) among the rural elderly in India. Conclusions: In general,the rural elderly were subsisting on inadequate diets in terms of both quantity and quality. Similarly, the prevalence of CED among elderly is a ‘‘very high’’ public health nutrition problem in India. Therefore, the Government of India should initiate appropriate nutrition intervention measures to improve the overall nutritional status and special nutrition policies to address the health and nutritional problems of the aging population.

Obesity in Schizophrenia

Over the last three decades, an epidemic of obesity has markedly affected patients suffering from mental illnesses such as schizophrenia. Antipsychotic medications used to treat schizophrenia are considered as major culprits. The aim of this review is to first consider risk factors, to then outline negative sequelae of obesity for this population, and finally to address timing and content of recommended clinical interventions. Medical databases were searched with the terms “”weight,” “obesity,” and “schizophrenia.” Selection of articles was guided by date of publication; recent papers are preferentially cited. The main findings were that, in addition to antipsychotic medications, socio-economics, lifestyle, immune factors, and circadian rhythms also contribute to obesity risk. A barrier to effective health promotion within psychiatry has been the concern that fears about gaining weight might stop individuals with schizophrenia from taking needed antipsychotic medication. Recommendations, therefore, are to keep the dose of antipsychotic medication as low as possible, avoid polypharmacy, encourage healthy eating and physical activity, address sleep problems and substance use, monitor weight, blood pressure, and metabolic parameters regularly, utilize motivational interviewing techniques and peer support, pay special attention to special needs such as those of women during pregnancy, and include bariatric surgery as a potential intervention. Conclusion: Besides careful attention to medication regimens, the literature supports the active encouragement and support of patient self-management strategies to both prevent and manage obesity in schizophrenia.

Improving Confidence in Obstetric Skills with Basic and Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics® Training in Ethiopia: A Pre/post Study

Basic Life Support in Obstetrics (BLSO®) is a novel, simulation-based, emergency obstetrics training program for health care workers who perform deliveries infrequently, such as paramedics and nurses. Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics (ALSO®) is intended for regular maternity care providers such as physicians and certified nurse midwives. This paper describes a pre/post study of 111 learners in two ALSO and two BLSO courses taught in Addis Ababa, Bonga, and Jimma, Ethiopia in October, 2012. The study objective was to assess the effectiveness of ALSO and BLSO training programs to improve Ethiopian health care workers’ confidence in managing common obstetrical problems. A previously-validated survey tool was given immediately pre- and post-course and six months post-course. The survey tool included demographic questions and Likert scales to self-assess comfort managing 13 common obstetric emergencies including postpartum hemorrhage, maternal resuscitation, and preeclampsia. Ninety-seven ALSO and BLSO learners completed pre- and immediate post-training questionnaires. Nineteen ALSO learners completed the 6 month post-training questionnaire. Immediately post-course, participants in ALSO and BLSO courses reported increased comfort in all 13 areas assessed. ALSO participants had increased comfort at 6 months in all areas except breech delivery. Participation in a novel emergency obstetrics training program increases Ethiopian health workers’ self-assessed confidence in addressing common obstetrical emergencies. This increase in confidence persists in most topic areas for at least six months. This paper describes the first formal evaluation of BLSO and contributes to the growing body of evidence regarding the value of ALSO training in a low- and middle-income country.

Despair Beyond Repair? Severity of Hopelessness in Depressed Psychiatric Inpatients

Background: Depression is related to suicidal ideation, attempts, and completion. However, depression fails to provide any specific identification for suicide risk. Hopelessness has been found to provide a more accurate estimate of suicide risk than seen in depression severity, and hopelessness can serve as a useful predictor of eventual death by suicide. Aims: The present study was designed to examine various levels of hopelessness and their association with other symptoms experienced by depressed psychiatric inpatients. Method: 150 adult psychiatric inpatients were evaluated using a structured diagnostic interview and several standardized self-report questionnaires. All patients met criteria for a depressive diagnosis at the time of the evaluation. Patients were classified into four discrete categories of hopelessness using the Beck Hopelessness Scale. Results: No differences were observed when the four groups of depressed psychiatric inpatients were compared on demographic variables and background clinical events. However, several key differences were observed between groups on measures of depression severity, suicidal ideation, and tendencies to cope by distraction. Conclusions: It appears useful to evaluate suicide risk as it changes across different levels of hopelessness. Depressed patients with higher levels of hopelessness report more severe problems on several dimensions related to suicide risk.

Central Retinal Vein Occlusion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

A 66 year old Chinese male with a medical history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hepatitis B carrier was diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma in 2009. He underwent treatment with selective internal radiation spheres and sorafenib, and multiple cycles of chemotherapeutic agents such as bevacizumab, erlotinib, OXAFI ( intravenous oxaliplatin and doxorubicin given on days 1, 8 and 15 in a 28-day cycle, a daily continuous infusion of fluorouracil and subcutaneous interferon alfa-2b 5 million units administered thrice weekly), thalidomide, capecitabine, and rapamycin over the course of four years. Along the course of treatment, he developed pulmonary embolism and was initially started on anti-coagulation. Two months later, he developed hemoptysis and the anti-coagulants were stopped. During his routine ophthalmology visit for diabetic eye evaluation, he complained of blurring of vision of his left eye for the past four to five weeks. He was found to have central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) of the left eye, associated with macular edema. Visual acuity was 6/15 for the right eye and 6/60 for the left eye. Eyelids, conjunctiva, cornea, anterior chamber, pupils, lens and ocular motility were normal. Humphrey visual field testing showed a superior arcuate and basal defect. This is the first reported case of CRVO in hepatocellular carcinoma. The etiology of CRVO is multifactorial, withhepatic malignancy, previous major surgery, multiple cycles of chemotherapy and cessation of anticoagulant therapyas possible aetiological factors. His background medical problems of diabetes and hypertension are further contributors.